Indirect taxation in the European Union

Indirect taxes are levied on the production and consumption of goods and services. They influence the retail price, and hence affect patterns of trade and consumption. Indirect taxes are ultimately paid by the final consumer. Sales and turnover taxes, excise duties and tariffs are the basic indirect taxes. In contrast with direct taxes, indirect taxes are seldom progressive. The principles for the levying of these taxes will be considered before the analysis of indirect taxes.European Union; Indirect Taxes; Value-Added Tax; Excise Duties;

CHALENGES FACED BY EU SMEs IN THE CONTEXT OF THE GLOBAL ECONOMIC CRISIS

SMEs play a vital role in economic development. They offer the most economical use of capital in relation to job creation and provide the strongest growth channel for regional development. They are also recognized as the vehicle for growth in today’s regionally and globally interdependent and competitive economy. With a view at the global economic slowdown, it became apparent that economies in all regions of the world have significantly lost momentum which also affected SMEs. This paper present the main difficulties faced by SME in the EU region on the context of the present global crisis and deliver some recommendation about the reaction governments should take in order to avoid a major crisis in this important economic sector.SME, financing, economic recession, bankruptcy

Some aspects regarding the financial structure theories

In this paper the authors survey financial structure theories, from the start-up point, which is considered Modigliani and Miller’s capital structure irrelevance theorem, to recent theories, such as the pecking order and the market timing theory. For each type of model, a brief overview of the papers surveyed and their relation to each other is provided.financial structure; market timing; trade-off theory; leverage; debt; equity; agency costs;

QUALITY MANAGEMENT IN BANKING SYSTEM

Quality management banking perspective is extremely interesting, from the point of view of the activities specific, and of the permanent area competition improvement. Banks being aware of the quality problems also lead to the appearance and requirement ofCompetition, Received quality, Expected quality

Barriers in EU retail financial markets

Looking at the retail financial markets and identifing a number of ‘‘natural’’ and ‘‘policy induced’’ obstacles to free trade. We use the term ‘‘natural’’ barriers to refer to those arising as a result of different cultures or consumer preferences, while different state tax policies or regulations are classified as ‘‘policy induced’’ barriers

Generation of tunable entanglement and violation of a Bell-like inequality between different degrees of freedom of a single photon

We demonstrate a scheme to generate noncoherent and coherent correlations, i.e., a tunable degree of entanglement, between degrees of freedom of a single photon. Its nature is analogous to the tuning of the purity (first-order coherence) of a single photon forming part of a two-photon state by tailoring the correlations between the paired photons. Therefore, well-known tools such as the Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt (CHSH) Bell-like inequality can also be used to characterize entanglement between degrees of freedom. More specifically, CHSH inequality tests are performed, making use of the polarization and the spatial shape of a single photon. The four modes required are two polarization modes and two spatial modes with different orbital angular momentum.Comment: 7 pages, 5 figures. Updated to be consistent with published versio