Self-Organization of Spiking Neural Networks for Visual Object Recognition

On one hand, the visual system has the ability to differentiate between very similar objects. On the other hand, we can also recognize the same object in images that vary drastically, due to different viewing angle, distance, or illumination. The ability to recognize the same object under different viewing conditions is called invariant object recognition. Such object recognition capabilities are not immediately available after birth, but are acquired through learning by experience in the visual world. In many viewing situations different views of the same object are seen in a tem- poral sequence, e.g. when we are moving an object in our hands while watching it. This creates temporal correlations between successive retinal projections that can be used to associate different views of the same object. Theorists have therefore pro- posed a synaptic plasticity rule with a built-in memory trace (trace rule). In this dissertation I present spiking neural network models that offer possible explanations for learning of invariant object representations. These models are based on the following hypotheses: 1. Instead of a synaptic trace rule, persistent firing of recurrently connected groups of neurons can serve as a memory trace for invariance learning. 2. Short-range excitatory lateral connections enable learning of self-organizing topographic maps that represent temporal as well as spatial correlations. 3. When trained with sequences of object views, such a network can learn repre- sentations that enable invariant object recognition by clustering different views of the same object within a local neighborhood. 4. Learning of representations for very similar stimuli can be enabled by adaptive inhibitory feedback connections. The study presented in chapter 3.1 details an implementation of a spiking neural network to test the first three hypotheses. This network was tested with stimulus sets that were designed in two feature dimensions to separate the impact of tempo- ral and spatial correlations on learned topographic maps. The emerging topographic maps showed patterns that were dependent on the temporal order of object views during training. Our results show that pooling over local neighborhoods of the to- pographic map enables invariant recognition. Chapter 3.2 focuses on the fourth hypothesis. There we examine how the adaptive feedback inhibition (AFI) can improve the ability of a network to discriminate between very similar patterns. The results show that with AFI learning is faster, and the network learns selective representations for stimuli with higher levels of overlap than without AFI. Results of chapter 3.1 suggest a functional role for topographic object representa- tions that are known to exist in the inferotemporal cortex, and suggests a mechanism for the development of such representations. The AFI model implements one aspect of predictive coding: subtraction of a prediction from the actual input of a system. The successful implementation in a biologically plausible network of spiking neurons shows that predictive coding can play a role in cortical circuits

Säugetierkundliche Freilandforschung zur Populationsbiologie des Waschbären (Procyon lotor Linnaeus, 1758) in einem naturnahen Tieflandbuchenwald im Müritz-Nationalpark (Mecklenburg-Vorpommern)

In der Dissertation werden Fragen zur Populationsbiologie des neozonalen Nordamerikanischen Waschbären (Procyon lotor) behandelt. Die knapp sechsjährigen Freilanduntersuchungen fanden im Rahmen eines umfangreichen Waschbärenforschungsprojektes (www.projekt-waschbaer.de) in einem naturnahen Tieflandbuchenwald im Müritz-Nationalpark (Mecklenburg-Vorpommern) statt. Das Nationalparkgebiet wird nachweislich seit Ende der 1970er Jahre vom Waschbären besiedelt und stellt aufgrund seines Gewässerreichtums und seiner alten Laubbaumbestände einen idealen Lebensraum für Waschbären dar. Die Dissertation schließt die populationsbiologischen Arbeiten des Gesamtprojektes ab und stellt die Ergebnisse in fünf separaten Themenschwerpunkten vor (I. Raumverhalten, II. Sozialverhalten, III. Reproduktionsbiologie, IV. Populationsstruktur, V. Populationsdynamik). Übergeordnetes Ziel der Arbeit war die Erhebung valider populationsbiologischer Daten, um eine grundlegende ökologische Charakterisierung des Waschbären unter dem Aspekt des Natur- und Artenschutzes vornehmen zu können. Dazu wurden zwischen 2006 und 2011 in einem 1.114 ha großen Fallennetz im Serrahner Teilgebiet des Nationalparks an 53 verschiedenen Fallenstandorten 145 verschiedene Waschbären (62 ♀♀, 83 ♂♂) insgesamt 489 Mal gefangen, genetisch beprobt, vermessen und individuell markiert. 51 adulte Waschbären (23 ♀♀, 28 ♂♂) und 18 Jungtiere (10 ♀♀, 8 ♂♂) wurden darüber hinaus mit einem UKW-Halsbandsender ausgestattet und im Rahmen der telemetrischen Arbeiten insgesamt 31.202 Mal geortet (≙ im Mittel 452 Lokalisationen pro Tier). Im Kernuntersuchungsgebiet wurde an 36 beköderten Standorten ein Fotofallenmonitoring durchgeführt. Bei einer Überwachungsdauer von 5.365 Fotofallennächten entstanden dabei 18.721 Aufnahmen von 183 verschiedenen Waschbären. 82 % aller Waschbärenbilder zeigten individuell markierte Individuen. Alle 145 gefangenen Waschbären wurden im Rahmen eines separaten Teilprojektes mit hochvariablen Mikrosatelliten erfolgreich genotypisiert, so dass die Verwandtschaftsverhältnisse sowie der individuelle Reproduktionserfolg der Untersuchungstiere bekannt sind. Für die Analysen zur Populationsstruktur wurden unter anderem von 120 verendet aufgefunden Waschbären (Totfunden) aus dem unmittelbaren Umfeld des Nationalparks klassische morphometrische und phänotypische Merkmale sowie die Mortalitätsursachen erfasst.This study considers questions concerning the spatial and social behaviour, reproduction, population structure and dynamics of the alien North American raccoon (Procyon lotor) in Germany. The investigations took place within the framework of a comprehensive raccoon research project (www.projekt-waschbaer.de) over a period of nearly six years in a close-to-nature lowland beech forest in the Müritz National Park (Mecklenburg-West Pomerania). The National Park has been verifiably colonized by raccoons since the end of the 1970s, and due to its abundance of water and its old deciduous tree population it represents an ideal habitat for this mammal. Between 2006 and 2011, 145 individual raccoons (62 ♀♀ and 83 ♂♂) were captured, genetically sampled, measured and individually tagged. Sampling took place within a 1,114 hectare area of the National Park, at 53 trap sites and with 489 trappings. 51 adult raccoons (23 ♀♀, 28 ♂♂) and 18 juveniles (10 ♀♀, 8 ♂♂) were also fitted with radio collars and located a total of 31,202 times as part of the telemetric survey (=452 localisations per individual). Camera trap monitoring was carried out at 36 baited locations of the main investigation area (1,628 ha): 18,721 camera trap pictures were taken of 183 different raccoons over a monitorring period of 5,365 nights. 82 % of all the raccoon pictures showed individually tagged ani-mals. All 145 of the trapped raccoons were successfully genotyped as part of a subproject with highly polymorphic microsatellites. Both the familial relationships and the individual reproductive success of the subject animals could be determined with the genotyping results. For the analyses of the population structure, classic morphometric and phenotypical characteristics, as well as the cause of mortality of 120 raccoon carcasses in the immediate vicinity of the National Park, were recorded

Scale-invariance of receptive field properties in primary visual cortex

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Our visual system enables us to recognize visual objects across a wide range of spatial scales. The neural mechanisms underlying these abilities are still poorly understood. Size- or scale-independent representation of visual objects might be supported by processing in primary visual cortex (V1). Neurons in V1 are selective for spatial frequency and thus represent visual information in specific spatial wavebands. We tested whether different receptive field properties of neurons in V1 scale with preferred spatial wavelength. Specifically, we investigated the size of the area that enhances responses, i.e., the grating summation field, the size of the inhibitory surround, and the distance dependence of signal coupling, i.e., the linking field.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We found that the sizes of both grating summation field and inhibitory surround increase with preferred spatial wavelength. For the summation field this increase, however, is not strictly linear. No evidence was found that size of the linking field depends on preferred spatial wavelength.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Our data show that some receptive field properties are related to preferred spatial wavelength. This speaks in favor of the hypothesis that processing in V1 supports scale-invariant aspects of visual performance. However, not all properties of receptive fields in V1 scale with preferred spatial wavelength. Spatial-wavelength independence of the linking field implies a constant spatial range of signal coupling between neurons with different preferred spatial wavelengths. This might be important for encoding extended broad-band visual features such as edges.</p

Swallows of the genus Pygochelidon

15 p.: maps ; 24 cm.Includes bibliographical references

South American island birds

8 p. ; 24 cm.Includes bibliographical references

New Formicariidae and Dendrocolaptidae

20 p. ; 24 cm.Includes bibliographical references

Cuban birds and mammals

p. 279-330 : ill. ; 24 cm.Includes bibliographical references