Benchmarking of three-dimensional multicomponent lattice Boltzmann equation

We present a challenging validation of phase field multi-component lattice Boltzmann equation (MCLBE) simulation against the Re = 0 Stokes flow regime Taylor-Einstein theory of dilute suspension viscosity. By applying a number of recent advances in the understanding and the elimination of the interfacial micro-current artefact, extending to 3D a class of stability-enhancing multiple relaxation time collision models (which require no explicit collision matrix, note) and developing new interfacial interpolation schemes, we are able to obtain data which show that MCLBE may be applied in new flow regimes. Our data represent one of the most stringent tests yet attempted on LBE-one which received wisdom would preclude on grounds of overwhelming artefact flow

Additional file 1: Figure S1. of Further validation to support clinical translation of [18F]FTC-146 for imaging sigma-1 receptors

FTC-146, SN-56 and Vesamicol binding affinity to VAChT. (DOC 171 kb

Additional file 2: Figure S2. of Further validation to support clinical translation of [18F]FTC-146 for imaging sigma-1 receptors

Representative MR images showing how regions of interest (ROIs) were drawn for 1 = cortex; 2 = caudate putamen; 3 = hippocampus, 4 = cerebellum during PET/MR image analysis. Whole brain ROIs were drawn using the skull from the CT image as a guide. (DOC 573 kb

Additional file 2: of [18F]FSPG-PET reveals increased cystine/glutamate antiporter (xc-) activity in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis

Dynamic PET imaging of [18F]FSPG uptake in the spinal cords (a) and brains (b). Time-activity curves represent average counts from a dynamic 90-min scan in EAE and naïve mice. Data are mean ± SEM (n = 3–7 animals per group). (DOCX 119 kb

Additional file 6: Table S3. of Further validation to support clinical translation of [18F]FTC-146 for imaging sigma-1 receptors

Summary of [19F]FTC-146 toxicity study in rats. (DOC 34 kb

Additional file 7: of [18F]FSPG-PET reveals increased cystine/glutamate antiporter (xc-) activity in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis

xCT protein levels in CNS tissues do not differ between control and naïve mice. SC = spinal cord. Data are represented as mean xCT/Na,K-ATPase signal ± SD (n = 3–5). Significance determined by Mann-Whitney test with NS = not significant. (DOCX 65 kb

Additional file 5: of [18F]FSPG-PET reveals increased cystine/glutamate antiporter (xc-) activity in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis

Ex vivo biodistribution of [18F]FSPG in EAE versus control mice (a) with magnified views of the brain (b) and spinal cord (c) data (n = 8–10, mean %ID/g ± SD). Data was collected 110 min after injection of radiotracer and mean score of EAE mice was 2.4 ± 0.8. Significance determined Mann-Whitney test with ****p < 0.0001, ***p 0.0001–0.001, **p 0.001–0.01, *p 0.01–0.05. (DOCX 128 kb

Additional file 3: of [18F]FSPG-PET reveals increased cystine/glutamate antiporter (xc-) activity in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis

[18F]FSPG and [18F]FDG ex vivo autoradiography of EAE versus naïve mice. Representative autoradiography images of whole spinal cords and sagittal brain sections from EAE (score 3.0–3.5) versus naïve mice collected ~ 110 min after injection of (a) [18F]FSPG and (b) [18F]FDG. The same brain sections were stained with Nissl and overlayed with the corresponding autoradiographic images. Cb—cerebellum, Ctx—cortex, HC—hippocampus, Med—medulla, Ob—olfactory bulb, Thal—thalamus. Dotted lines highlight region containing the optic chiasm. (DOC 184 kb

Additional file 6: of [18F]FSPG-PET reveals increased cystine/glutamate antiporter (xc-) activity in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis

Complete raw/unedited images of Western blots shown in Fig. 4a. Blot after incubation with anti-xCT antibody (a) the same blot having been re-probed with loading controls anti-actin and anti-Na,K-ATPase antibody (b). (DOCX 10919 kb