Human Endogenous Retrovirus Expression Profiles in Samples from Brains of Patients with Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorders

The detection and identification of retroviral transcripts in brain samples, cerebrospinal fluid, and plasma of individuals with recent-onset schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorders suggest that activation or upregulation of distinct human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) may play a role in the etiopathogenesis of neuropsychiatric diseases. To test this hypothesis, we performed a comprehensive microarray-based analysis of HERV transcriptional activity in human brains. We investigated 50 representative members of 20 HERV families in a total of 215 brain samples derived from individuals with schizophrenia or bipolar disorders and matched controls. A characteristic brain-specific retroviral activity profile was found that consists of members of the class I families HERV-E, HERV-F, and ERV9 and members of HERV-K taxa. In addition to these constitutively expressed HERVs, a number of differentially active HERV elements were identified in all brain samples independent of the disease pattern that may reflect differences in the genetic background of the tested individuals. Only a subgroup of the HML-2 family (HERV-K10) was significantly overrepresented in both bipolar-disorder- and schizophrenia-associated samples compared to healthy brains, suggesting a potential association with disease. Real-time PCR analysis of HERV env transcripts with coding capacity potentially involved in neuroinflammatory conditions revealed that env expression of HERV-W, HERV-FRD, and HML-2 remains unaffected regardless of the clinical picture. Our data suggest that HERV transcription in brains is weakly correlated with schizophrenia and related diseases but may be influenced by the individual genetic background, brain-infiltrating immune cells, or medical treatment

The proteolytic activity of separase in BCR-ABL-positive cells is increased by imatinib.

Separase, an endopeptidase required for the separation of sister-chromatides in mitotic anaphase, triggers centriole disengagement during centrosome duplication. In cancer, separase is frequently overexpressed, pointing to a functional role as an aneuploidy promoter associated with centrosomal amplification and genomic instability. Recently, we have shown that centrosomal amplification and subsequent chromosomal aberrations are a hallmark of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), increasing from chronic phase (CP) toward blast crisis (BC). Moreover, a functional linkage of p210BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase activity with centrosomal amplification and clonal evolution has been established in long-term cell culture experiments. Unexpectedly, therapeutic doses of imatinib (IM) did not counteract; instead induced similar centrosomal alterations in vitro. We investigated the influence of IM and p210BCR-ABL on Separase as a potential driver of centrosomal amplification in CML. Short-term cell cultures of p210BCR-ABL-negative (NHDF, UROtsa, HL-60, U937), positive (K562, LAMA-84) and inducible (U937p210BCR-ABL/c6 (Tet-ON)) human cell lines were treated with therapeutic doses of IM and analyzed by qRT-PCR, Western blot analysis and quantitative Separase activity assays. Decreased Separase protein levels were observed in all cells treated with IM in a dose dependent manner. Accordingly, in all p210BCR-ABL-negative cell lines, decreased proteolytic activity of Separase was found. In contrast, p210BCR-ABL-positive cells showed increased Separase proteolytic activity. This activation of Separase was consistent with changes in the expression levels of Separase regulators (Separase phosphorylation at serine residue 1126, Securin, CyclinB1 and PP2A). Our data suggest that regulation of Separase in IM-treated BCR-ABL-positive cells occurs on both the protein expression and the proteolytic activity levels. Activation of Separase proteolytic activity exclusively in p210BCR-ABL-positive cells during IM treatment may act as a driving force for centrosomal amplification, contributing to genomic instability, clonal evolution and resistance in CML

Transcript levels, protein levels and proteolytic activity of Separase in BCR-ABL-positive cells treated with IM.

<p>Cells were treated individually with distinct concentrations (0.5 to 5 µM) of IM. After about two cell cycle rounds (K562, LAMA-84, 24 h; U937p210BCR-ABL/c6-On, 48 h) total RNA and protein lysates were prepared and analyzed by qRT-PCR (A), Western blot immunostaining (B) and separase fluorometric activity assays (C). For Western blot experiments, Actin served as loading control and/or for densitometric data normalization. Each data point corresponds to one single experiment. Only significant p-values as calculated between treated and untreated cells were shown (see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0042863#pone-0042863-t002" target="_blank">Table 2</a> for summarized Δ-values). For a representative set of corresponding immunostained Western blots compare <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0042863#pone-0042863-g005" target="_blank">Figure 5</a> panel C. Abbreviations: U937/c6-On, U937 cells expressing a p210BCR-ABL transgene (Tet-On system) after induction with Doxycycline (U937p210BCR-ABL/c6-On).</p

Cell cycle profiles of untreated and IM-treated cell lines.

<p>Triplicate cell cultures were incubated with IM at times and doses where significant changes in Separase protein levels and/or Separase proteolytic activation have been observed (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0042863#pone-0042863-g002" target="_blank">Figure 2</a> and <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0042863#pone-0042863-g004" target="_blank">4</a>). Subsequently, the cell cycle profile was analyzed by flow cytometry after propidium iodide staining. The percentages of cells in G2/M, S, G1/G0 phases and in apoptotic state are depicted in each bar.</p

Analysis of master Separase proteolytic activity regulators in BCR-ABL-negative and -positive cell lines treated with IM.

<p>Schematic diagram of cooperating inhibitory factors that regulate Separase proteolytic activity in a tight cell cycle controlled manner (<b>A</b>). Degradation of Securin, inactivation of the CyclinB1/CDK1 complex, dephosphorylation of Separase at a specific serine residue (pSer1126) by the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), and the release of PP2A contribute to activation of Separase. Representative composite image of Western blot immunostaining experiments illustrate the expression levels of Separase and relevant regulatory proteins (Securin, pSer1126, CyclinB1 and PP2A) in BCR-ABL-negative (<b>B</b>) and BCR-ABL-positive (<b>C</b>) cell lines. Images are cropped sections derived from stripped and reprobed Western blot immunostainings used for acquisition of densitometric data shown in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0042863#pone-0042863-g002" target="_blank">Figures 2</a> and <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0042863#pone-0042863-g004" target="_blank">4</a>. Cells were treated with IM for times and doses given on top. Actin served as loading control. The densitometric data of at least triplicate experiments are presented in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0042863#pone-0042863-t003" target="_blank">Table 3</a>.</p

Transcript levels, protein levels and proteolytic activity of Separase in BCR-ABL-negative cells treated with IM.

<p>Cells were treated individually with distinct concentrations (0.5 to 10 µM) of IM. After about two cell cycle rounds (NHDF, UROtsa, 6 d; HL-60 and U937, 48 h) total RNA and protein lysates were prepared and analyzed by qRT-PCR (A), Western blot immunostaining (B) and Separase fluorometric activity assays (C). For Westren blot experiments, Actin served as loading control and/or for densitometric data normalization. Each data point corresponds to one single experiment. Only significant p-values as calculated between treated and untreated cells were shown (see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0042863#pone-0042863-t002" target="_blank">Table 2</a> for summarized Δ-values). For a representative set of corresponding immunostained Western blots compare <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0042863#pone-0042863-g005" target="_blank">Figure 5</a> panel B.</p

Protein and activity levels of BCR-ABL and Separase in cell lines under investigation.

<p>Protein levels of p210BCR-ABL (<b>A</b>) and Separase (<b>C</b>) based on densitometric evaluation of immunostained Western blots were normalized to Actin as loading control. Abl-related TK activity (BCR-ABL+c-ABL) was measured as pCrkL/Actin (<b>B</b>). Separase proteolytic activity (<b>D</b>) was quantified using an <i>in vitro</i> fluorometric assay and was given as relative fluorescence units/Actin (RFU/Actin). Analyses were performed on protein lysates derived from p210BCR-ABL-positive (LAMA-84, K562) and -negative cells (NHDF, UROtsa, HL-60, U937), and from induced U937p210BCR-ABL/c6 cells (U937/c6-On) expressing a p210BCR-ABL transgene under control of a Doxycycline inducible promoter.</p

Percent changes (Δ-values) in regulator levels of Separase proteolytic activity after IM treatment when compared to the corresponding untreated cells.¹

1<p>for representative corresponding immunostained Western blots see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0042863#pone-0042863-g005" target="_blank">Figure 5</a> panels B and C.</p>2<p>after normalization to Actin protein levels.</p>3<p>Phosphorylation at serine residue 1126 of Separase.</p><p>Abbreviations: RFU, relative fluorescence units; d, days; h, hours; IM, imatinib; +, increase; −, decrease; U937/c6-On, U937p210BCR-ABL/c6 cells with switched on transgene promoter.</p