Frailty prevalence by race and age group.

<p>Frailty prevalence by race and age group.</p

Distribution of demographic variables and health measures by frailty status.

<p>Distribution of demographic variables and health measures by frailty status.</p

Concurrent functional measures by frailty group.

<p>Concurrent functional measures by frailty group.</p

Overall survival by initial frailty group, stratified by age at enrollment.

<p>Overall survival by initial frailty group, stratified by age at enrollment.</p

All-cause mortality hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals by frailty status and demographics.

<p>All-cause mortality hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals by frailty status and demographics.</p

Monetary Value of Diet Is Associated with Dietary Quality and Nutrient Adequacy among Urban Adults, Differentially by Sex, Race and Poverty Status

<div><p>Objective</p><p>The association between monetary value of the diet (MVD, $/day) with dietary quality was examined using a large sample of urban US adults, differentially by socio-demographic factors.</p><p>Methods</p><p>This was a cross-sectional study of 2,111 participants, aged 30–64y, using data from the Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity across the Life Span Study. Dietary quality indices included Healthy Eating Index–2010 (HEI–2010) and Mean Adequacy Ratio (MAR), (two 24-hr recalls). A national food price database was used to estimate MVD. Multiple linear/logistic regression analyses were conducted stratifying separately by sex, race and poverty status.</p><p>Results</p><p>Women had significantly higher HEI-2010 scores than men (43.35 vs 41.57 out of 100, respectively), whereas MAR scores were higher for men (76.8 vs 69.9, out of 100), reflecting energy intake gender differentials. Importantly, a$3/day higher MVD (IQR: $3.70/d (Q1) to$6.62/d (Q4)) was associated with a 4.98±0.35 higher total HEI-2010 and a 3.88±0.37 higher MAR score, after energy-adjustment and control for key confounders. For HEI-2010 and MAR, stronger associations were observed among participants above poverty and among women, whilethe MVD vs. HEI-2010 association was additionally stronger among Whites. Sex and poverty status differentials were observed for many MAR and some HEI-2010 components.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>Despite positive associations between measures of dietary quality and MVD, particularly above poverty and among women, approaching compliance with the Dietary Guidelines (80 or more for HEI-2010) requires a substantially higher MVD. Thus, nutrition education may further improve people’s decision-making regarding food venues and dietary choices.</p></div

Association between monetary value of food ($/day) and HEI-2010 (and components): findings from multiple OLS (total HEI-2010 score) and logistic regression models (components: upper tertile vs. two lower tertiles combined (referent category))^a.

<p>*P<0.05</p><p>^§P<0.001</p><p>^a Models were adjusted for energy intake (kcal/d), sex, race, poverty status (whenever not used for stratification), age, education (HS; 2 dummy variables), literacy (WRAT-3 total score); unemployment status (0 = no, 1 = yes, 9 = missing; 2 dummy variables), current smoking status (0 = never or former, 1 = current smoker, 9 = missing, 2 dummy variables), current drug use (0 = never or >6 months ago; 1 = <6 months ago; 9 = missing; 2 dummy variables), % energy obtained at grocery stores, self-rated health (1 = poor, 2 = fair, 3 = good, 4 = fair, 5 = excellent: four dummy variables).</p><p>We additionally examined the MVD-Fatty acid relationship and found that it was not statistically significant.</p><p>^b p<0.10 for null hypothesis that interaction term between sex and food cost is = 0. Interaction terms are added to the full non-stratified model with main effect of sex and food cost as well as other covariates.</p><p>^c p<0.10 for null hypothesis that interaction term between race and food cost is = 0. Interaction terms are added to the full non-stratified model with main effect of race and monetary value of diet as well as other covariates.</p><p>^d p<0.10 for null hypothesis that interaction term between poverty status and monetary value of diet is = 0. Interaction terms are added to the full non-stratified model with main effect of poverty status and monetary value of diet as well as other covariates.</p><p>Association between monetary value of food ($/day) and HEI-2010 (and components): findings from multiple OLS (total HEI-2010 score) and logistic regression models (components: upper tertile vs. two lower tertiles combined (referent category))<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0140905#t004fn003" target="_blank">^a</a>.</p

A-C. Predicted mean HEI-2010 total score by monetary value of diet (MVD, $/day), stratified by sex, race and poverty status from multiple OLS model with interaction between MVD and sex^a, race^b, and poverty status^c HANDLS study, wave 1.

<p>^ap<0.10 for MVD×sex interaction; ^bp<0.10 for MVD×race interaction; ^cp<0.10 for MVD×pov interaction</p

Association between monetary value of reported diets ($/day) and mean adequacy ratio (MAR) and component nutrient adequacy ratios (NAR): findings from multiple OLS regression models^a.

<p>*P<0.05</p><p>^§P<0.001</p><p>^a Models were further adjusted for energy intake (kcal/d), sex, race, poverty status (whenever not used for stratification), age, education (HS; 2 dummy variables), literacy (WRAT-3 total score); unemployment status (0 = no, 1 = yes, 9 = missing; 2 dummy variables), current smoking status (0 = never or former, 1 = current smoker, 9 = missing, 2 dummy variables), current drug use (0 = never or >6 months ago; 1 = <6 months ago; 9 = missing; 2 dummy variables), % energy obtained at grocery stores, self-rated health (1 = poor, 2 = fair, 3 = good, 4 = fair, 5 = excellent: four dummy variables).</p><p>^b p<0.10 for null hypothesis that interaction term between sex and monetary value of diet is = 0. Interaction terms are added to the full non-stratified model with main effect of sex and monetary value of diet as well as other covariates.</p><p>^c p<0.10 for null hypothesis that interaction term between race and monetary value of diet is = 0. Interaction terms are added to the full non-stratified model with main effect of race and monetary value of diet as well as other covariates.</p><p>^dp<0.10 for null hypothesis that interaction term between poverty status and monetary value of diet is = 0. Interaction terms are added to the full non-stratified model with main effect of poverty status and monetary value of diet as well as other covariates.</p><p>Association between monetary value of reported diets ($/day) and mean adequacy ratio (MAR) and component nutrient adequacy ratios (NAR): findings from multiple OLS regression models<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0140905#t005fn003" target="_blank">^a</a>.</p

HEI-2010 total score and components^a for HANDLS participants by monetary value of diet tertile and sex.

<p>^a P-value for trend across tertiles of MVD within each sex group</p><p>^b 2-sided P-value from independent sample <i>t</i>-test comparing means of HEI-2010 total scores and components across sex groups. Ranges and means within each tertile of MVD are presented in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0140905#pone.0140905.g001" target="_blank">Fig 1</a> for both sexes combined.</p><p>HEI-2010 total score and components^a for HANDLS participants by monetary value of diet tertile and sex.</p