12 research outputs found
European Emissions of Halogenated Greenhouse Gases Inferred from Atmospheric Measurements
European emissions of nine representative halocarbons (CFC-11, CFC-12, Halon 1211, HCFC-141b, HCFC-142b, HCFC-22, HFC-125, HFC-134a, HFC-152a) are derived for the year 2009 by combining long-term observations in Switzerland, Italy, and Ireland with campaign measurements from Hungary. For the first time, halocarbon emissions over Eastern Europe are assessed by top-down methods, and these results are compared to Western European emissions. The employed inversion method builds on least-squares optimization linking atmospheric observations with calculations from the Lagrangian particle dispersion model FLEXPART. The aggregated halocarbon emissions over the study area are estimated at 125 (106–150) Tg of CO<sub>2</sub> equiv/y, of which the hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) make up the most important fraction with 41% (31–52%). We find that chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) emissions from banks are still significant and account for 35% (27–43%) of total halocarbon emissions in Europe. The regional differences in per capita emissions are only small for the HFCs, while emissions of CFCs and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) tend to be higher in Western Europe compared to Eastern Europe. In total, the inferred per capita emissions are similar to estimates for China, but 3.5 (2.3–4.5) times lower than for the United States. Our study demonstrates the large benefits of adding a strategically well placed measurement site to the existing European observation network of halocarbons, as it extends the coverage of the inversion domain toward Eastern Europe and helps to better constrain the emissions over Central Europe
ERA5-Land reanalysis.
Meteo variables used in this study and link to the ERA5-Land Reanalysis for the period January 1—June 30 (2016–2020). (DOCX)</p
Percentage concentration differences of pollutants under different conditions.
Percentage changes of PM10 (blue), PM2.5 (red), NO2 (green), and O3 (yellow) of daily mean concentrations. Darker to lighter: dispersive pre-lockdown, dispersive lockdown, dispersive post-lockdown, non-dispersive pre-lockdown, non-dispersive lockdown, non-dispersive post-lockdown. (PDF)</p
Concentration data availability.
Green cells represent concentration data of PM10, PM 2.5, NO2 and O3 available for the individual cities; red cells represent a lack of data. (DOCX)</p
Concentration data.
Links to PM10, PM2.5, NO2 and O3 concentration data repository for the period January 1—June 30 (2016–2020). (DOCX)</p
Oxford Stringency Index.
Evolution of the Oxford Stringency Index in selected European countries.</p
Meteorological classes.
Frequencies of occurrence (%) of meteorological classes in 2016–2019 and 2020, during the lockdown and no-lockdown periods. (PDF)</p