Baseline characteristics of the study population.

*<p>matched by design.</p><p>A = from screening data.</p><p>B = from baseline data.</p><p>C = at either screening or baseline.</p><p>NA, not applicable.</p

Changes in filarial status over the course of the study.

<p>Changes in filarial status over the course of the study.</p

Incidence of clinical malaria.

<p>The bars represent the number of FIL+ (black bars) and FIL− (gray bars) subjects who experienced 0, 1, 2 or 3 episodes of clinical malaria during the first transmission season.</p

Negative correlation between serum levels of IP-10 during acute malaria and Hgb levels at the peak of malaria transmission.

<p>The symbols represent the values for individual study subjects.</p

Clinical signs and symptoms during first episode of clinical malaria.

<p>Note: There were no significant difference between the two cohorts for any of the clinical parameters studied.</p

Plasma cytokine and chemokine levels at the time of acute malaria.

<p>The symbols represent individual values for FIL+ (black circles) and FIL− (gray circles) subjects. The horizontal lines represent the GM values for the groups.</p

Study flowchart.

<p>Study flowchart.</p

Time to first episode of clinical malaria.

<p>The cumulative % of FIL+ (black line) and FIL− (gray line) subjects who had experienced at least one episode of malaria is shown for each week of the first transmission season (estimated by Kaplan-Meier method to account for subjects who withdrew from the study).</p

Multiple linear regression model of parasite density at the first febrile malaria episode by different parasite density thresholds^a.

<p>Abbreviations: CL, confidence limit; HbAS, sickle cell trait; NA = not assessed due to lack of individuals with heavy <i>S. haematobium</i> mono-infection in analysis.</p>a<p>Effect of infection status at enrollment on parasite density in log(parasites/µl) using a general linear model with adjustments for age, distance from home to clinic, sickle cell trait, baseline anemia status, and residence in the cluster of high <i>S. haematobium</i> transmission.</p>b<p>1–9 eggs/10 mL urine.</p>c<p>≥10 eggs/10 ml urine.</p><p>Multiple linear regression model of parasite density at the first febrile malaria episode by different parasite density thresholds^{<a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0003154#nt111" target="_blank">a</a>}.</p

Effect of baseline <i>Schistosoma haematobium</i> mono-infection, <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> mono-infection, and co-infection on first or only malaria episode (with anemia interaction term)^a.

<p>Abbreviations: CL, confidence limit; HR, hazard ratio; HbAS, sickle cell trait.</p>a<p>Risk of first or only malaria episode was adjusted for age, distance from home to river, sickle cell trait, anemia status at baseline, residence in the cluster of high <i>S. haematobium</i> transmission, and roof type in the classic Cox proportional hazards model with inclusion of interaction terms between anemia status and the two covariates with <i>S. haematobium</i> infection (anemia*co-infection and anemia*<i>S. haematobium</i> mono-infection).</p><p>Effect of baseline <i>Schistosoma haematobium</i> mono-infection, <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> mono-infection, and co-infection on first or only malaria episode (with anemia interaction term)^{<a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0003154#nt109" target="_blank">a</a>}.</p