4 research outputs found
Single Exposure to near Roadway Particulate Matter Leads to Confined Inflammatory and Defense Responses: Possible Role of Metals
Inhalation of traffic-associated
atmospheric particulate matter
(PM2.5) is recognized as a significant health risk. In this study,
we focused on a single (“subclinical response”) exposure
to water-soluble extracts from PM collected at a roadside site in
a major European city to elucidate potential components that drive
pulmonary inflammatory, oxidative, and defense mechanisms and their
systemic impacts. Intratracheal instillation (IT) of the aqueous extracts
induced a 24 h inflammatory response characterized by increased broncho-alveolar
lavage fluid (BALF) cells and cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α), increased
reactive oxygen species production, but insignificant lipids and proteins
oxidation adducts in mouse lungs. This local response was largely
self-resolved by 48 h, suggesting that it could represent a subclinical
response to everyday-level exposure. Removal of soluble metals by
chelation markedly diminished the pulmonary PM-mediated response.
An artificial metal solution (MS) recapitulated the PM extract response.
The self-resolving nature of the response is associated with activating
defense mechanisms (increased levels of catalase and glutathione peroxidase
expression), observed with both PM extract and MS. In conclusion,
metals present in PM collected near roadways are largely responsible
for the observed transient local pulmonary inflammation and oxidative
stress. Simultaneous activation of the antioxidant defense response
may protect against oxidative damage
Low Cytotoxicity of Inorganic Nanotubes and Fullerene-Like Nanostructures in Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells: Relation to Inflammatory Gene Induction and Antioxidant Response
The cytotoxicity
of tungsten disulfide nano tubes (INT-WS<sub>2</sub>) and inorganic
fullerene-like molybdenum disulfide (IF-MoS<sub>2</sub>) nanoparticles
(NPs) used in industrial and medical applications
was evaluated in comparison to standard environmental particulate
matter. The IF-MoS<sub>2</sub> and INT-WS<sub>2</sub> reside in vesicles/inclusion
bodies, suggestive of endocytic vesicles. In cells representing the
respiratory, immune and metabolic systems, both IF-MoS<sub>2</sub> and INT-WS<sub>2</sub> NPs remained nontoxic compared to equivalent
concentrations (up to 100 ÎĽg/mL in the medium) of silica dioxide
(SiO<sub>2</sub>), diesel engine-derived and carbon black NPs, which
induced cell death. Associating with this biocompatibility of IF-MoS<sub>2</sub>\INT-WS<sub>2</sub>, we demonstrate in nontransformed human
bronchial cells (NL-20) relative low induction of the pro-inflammatory
cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α. Moreover, IF-MoS<sub>2</sub> and INT-WS<sub>2</sub> activated antioxidant response as
measured by the antioxidant response element (ARE) using a luciferase
reporter, and induced Nrf2-mediated Phase II detoxification genes.
Collectively, our findings suggest that the lower cytotoxicity of
IF-MoS<sub>2</sub> and INT-WS<sub>2</sub> NPs does not reflect general
biological inertness. Rather, compared to other NP’s, it likely
results from decreased pro-inflammatory activation, but a comparable
significant capacity to induce protective antioxidant/detoxification
defense mechanisms
Exposure of Lung Epithelial Cells to Photochemically Aged Secondary Organic Aerosol Shows Increased Toxic Effects
Adverse
health effects due to exposure to particulate matter (PM)
are among the most important global environmental health risks. However,
the effects of exposure to secondary organic aerosols (SOA), a major
component of the global aerosol, are largely unknown. Here we exposed
lung epithelial cells (A549) to fresh and aged SOA particles and investigated
the effect of SOA atmospheric aging on cell viability and gene expression.
Naphthalene- and α-pinene-derived SOA were formed in an oxidation
flow reactor that simulates atmospheric SOA formation and aging dominated
by OH radical oxidation under NO<sub><i>x</i></sub>-free
conditions. The SOA mass and chemical composition were characterized
on-line using a scanning mobility particle sizer and aerosol mass
spectrometer. Fresh and aged SOA were directed to an air–liquid
interface cell exposure system. Aged naphthalene- and α-pinene-derived
SOA were somewhat more toxic than fresh SOA. Aged naphthalene SOA
contained peroxide levels that were higher than those of fresh SOA.
The level of induction of Nrf2 signaling increased following exposure
to aged naphthalene SOA. Given the global prevalence of SOA and its
observed toxicity, this study calls for more studies aimed at understanding
the underlying mechanics
Variation of PM<sub>2.5</sub> Redox Potential and Toxicity During Monsoon in Delhi, India
This study investigates
daily variations in redox potential of
water- and organic-soluble PM2.5 during Delhi’s
monsoon season, offering insights into its chemical composition, cytotoxicity,
and oxidative threat to various lung conditions. PM2.5 samples,
categorized by pollution levels, showed an average intrinsic oxidative
potential (OPmDTT) of 27.5 pmol min–1 μg–1, OH• generation of 51.1 pmol μg–1, and antioxidant capacity (AOC) in both gallic acid
and trolox equivalency of 62.5 and 35.3 pmol μg–1, respectively. Water-soluble redox-active compounds (RACs) contributed
to approximately 67% of the PM2.5 redox potential. The
polar-phase distribution of RACs in PM2.5 can be modified
by atmospheric photochemistry and precipitation. Biomass burning emerged
as a pivotal pollution source, with polluted PM2.5 samples
exhibiting higher cytotoxicity and oxidative stress in A549 cells.
All PM2.5 compounds impaired cellular respiration, reducing
the oxygen consumption rates in A549 cells. Intrinsic OPmDTT and OH• generation of
PM2.5 were influenced by lung fluid variants, such as exogenous
nicotine and endogenous inflammatory protein. This study provides
a comprehensive perspective on PM2.5 pollution and its
toxicity in Delhi, India during distinct pollution periods and also
points out the importance of considering population disparities and
individual health status in assessing PM2.5 health impacts