41 research outputs found
Recommended from our members
Essays on Trade and Imperfectly Competitive Markets
This dissertation is a collection of three essays on markets with imperfect competition, with implications for international economics. The first essay presents an analytic solution framework applicable to a wide variety of general equilibrium international trade models, including those of Krugman (1980), Eaton and Kortum (2002), Anderson and van Wincoop (2003), and Melitz (2003), in multi-location cases. For asymptotically power-law trade costs and in the large-space limit, it is shown that there are parameter thresholds where the qualitative behavior of the model economy changes. In the case of the Krugman (1980) model, the relevant parameter is closely related to the elasticity of substitution between different varieties of goods. The geographic reach of economic shocks changes fundamentally when the elasticity crosses a critical threshold: below this point shocks are felt even at long distances, while above it they remain local. The value of the threshold depends on the approximate dimensionality of the spatial configuration.
This work bridges the gap between empirical work on international and intranational trade, which frequently uses data sets involving large numbers of locations, and the theoretical literature, which has analytically examined solutions to the relevant models with realistic trade costs only for the case of very few locations. The second essay, coauthored with Glen Weyl, extends the incidence-based framework for the analysis of perfectly competitive markets to imperfect competition. We show how, just as under perfect competition, a wide range of comparative statics and policy analyses turn on simple properties of incidence, particularly the rate at which unit taxes are passed through to consumer prices. We derive local and global incidence properties, the division of surplus among deadweight loss, consumer surplus and profits and show how these are linked to one another under a range of imperfectly competitive environments. We then show how incidence functions as a simplifying analytic and pedagogic device, an empirical sufficient statistic and a key structural parameter in both classic and recently popular topics in industrial economics including platforms, concession auctions, mergers, entry, price discrimination, product design, supply chains and advertising. The third essay, coauthored with Gita Gopinath and Oleg Itskhoki, studies pricing of durable goods by producers with market power. The durable nature of these products makes their pricing differ from that of nondurables, since consumer demand depends not only on prices today but also on their expectation of future prices. When firms cannot commit to future prices, pass-through of cost shocks into prices is incomplete and the adjustment is gradual. This is the case even when prices are fully flexible and in environments where non-durable pricing would generate complete pass-through. Prices are also sensitive to demand shocks and mark-ups are pro-cyclical, in contrast to the case of cost shocks when mark-ups are countercyclical. We present these results for the case of a monopolist, for oligopolistic competition and for monopolistic competition.Economic
Prospecting a Possible Quadratic Wormhole Between Quantum Mechanics and Plurality
We illustrate some formal symmetries between Quadratic Funding (Buterin et
al., 2019), a mechanism for the (approximately optimal) determination of public
good funding levels, and the Born (1926) rule in Quantum Mechanics, which
converts the wave representation into a probability distribution, through a
bridging formulation we call "Quantum Quartic Finance". We suggest further
directions for investigating the practical utility of these symmetries. We
discuss potential interpretations in greater depth in a companion blog post
Casimir Effect Between World-Branes in Heterotic M-Theory
We study a non-supersymmetric compactification of
M-theory on , related to the supersymmetric theory by
a chirality flip at one of the boundaries. This system represents an M-theory
analog of the D-brane anti-D-brane systems of string theory. Alternatively,
this compactification can be viewed as a model of supersymmetry breaking in the
``brane-world'' approach to phenomenology. We calculate the Casimir energy of
the system at large separations, and show that there is an attractive Casimir
force between the and boundary. We predict that a tachyonic
instability develops at separations of order the Planck scale, and discuss the
possibility that the M-theory fivebrane might appear as a topological defect
supported by the system. Finally, we analyze the eventual
fate of the configuration, in the semiclassical approximation at large
separations: the two ends of the world annihilate by nucleating wormholes
between the two boundaries.Comment: 26 pp, 3 figures, harvmac (b); v2: typos correcte
Deconstructing Noncommutativity with a Giant Fuzzy Moose
We argue that the worldvolume theories of D-branes probing orbifolds with
discrete torsion develop, in the large quiver limit, new non-commutative
directions. This provides an explicit `deconstruction' of a wide class of
noncommutative theories. This also provides insight into the physical meaning
of discrete torsion and its relation to the T-dual B field. We demonstrate that
the strict large quiver limit reproduces the matrix theory construction of
higher-dimensional D-branes, and argue that finite `fuzzy moose' theories
provide novel regularizations of non-commutative theories and explicit string
theory realizations of gauge theories on fuzzy tori. We also comment briefly on
the relation to NCOS, (2,0) and little string theories.Comment: 22 pages, 3 figures, typos caught and refs added; expanded
interpretation of discrete torsio
D-Sitter Space: Causal Structure, Thermodynamics, and Entropy
We study the entropy of concrete de Sitter flux compactifications and
deformations of them containing D-brane domain walls. We determine the relevant
causal and thermodynamic properties of these "D-Sitter" deformations of de
Sitter spacetimes. We find a string scale correspondence point at which the
entropy localized on the D-branes (and measured by probes sent from an observer
in the middle of the bubble) scales the same with large flux quantum numbers as
the entropy of the original de Sitter space, and at which Bousso's bound is
saturated by the D-brane degrees of freedom (up to order one coefficients) for
an infinite range of times. From the geometry of a static patch of D-Sitter
space and from basic relations in flux compactifications, we find support for
the possibility of a low energy open string description of the static patch of
de Sitter space.Comment: 46 pages, harvmac big; 14 figure
Clean Time-Dependent String Backgrounds from Bubble Baths
We consider the set of controlled time-dependent backgrounds of general
relativity and string theory describing ``bubbles of nothing'', obtained via
double analytic continuation of black hole solutions. We analyze their quantum
stability, uncover some novel features of their dynamics, identify their causal
structure and observables, and compute their particle production spectrum. We
present a general relation between squeezed states, such as those arising in
cosmological particle creation, and nonlocal theories on the string worldsheet.
The bubble backgrounds have various aspects in common with de Sitter space,
Rindler space, and moving mirror systems, but constitute controlled solutions
of general relativity and string theory with no external forces. They provide a
useful theoretical laboratory for studying issues of observables in systems
with cosmological horizons, particle creation, and time-dependent string
perturbation theory.Comment: 38 pages, harvmac big, 6 figure
On Smooth Time-Dependent Orbifolds and Null Singularities
We study string theory on a non-singular time-dependent orbifold of flat
space, known as the `null-brane'. The orbifold group, which involves only
space-like identifications, is obtained by a combined action of a null Lorentz
transformation and a constant shift in an extra direction. In the limit where
the shift goes to zero, the geometry of this orbifold reproduces an orbifold
with a light-like singularity, which was recently studied by Liu, Moore and
Seiberg (hep-th/0204168). We find that the backreaction on the geometry due to
a test particle can be made arbitrarily small, and that there are scattering
processes which can be studied in the approximation of a constant background.
We quantize strings on this orbifold and calculate the torus partition
function. We construct a basis of states on the smooth orbifold whose tree
level string interactions are nonsingular. We discuss the existence of physical
modes in the singular orbifold which resolve the singularity. We also describe
another way of making the singular orbifold smooth which involves a sandwich
pp-wave.Comment: 24 pages, one figur
Pass-Through, Welfare, and Incidence under Imperfect Competition
政策の費用対効果を考えるための新たな枠組みの提案 --生産、消費、労働など多分野への応用に期待--. 京都大学プレスリリース. 2022-07-27.To tax or not to tax, is that even a question?: Resolving issues related to tax efficiency assessments. 京都大学プレスリリース. 2022-07-28.This paper provides a comprehensive framework to study welfare effects of multiple policy interventions and other external changes under imperfect competition with emphasis on specific and ad valorem taxation as a leading case. Specifically, in relation to tax pass-through, we provide “sufficient statistics” formulas for two welfare measures under a fairly general class of demand, production cost, and market competition. The measures are (i) marginal value of public funds (i.e., the marginal change in consumer and producer surplus relative to an increase in the net cost to the government), and (ii) incidence (i.e., the ratio of a marginal change in consumer surplus to a marginal change in producer surplus). We begin with the case of symmetric firms facing both unit and ad valorem taxes to derive a simple and empirically relevant set of formulas. Then, we provide a substantial generalization of these results to encompass firm heterogeneity by using the idea of tax revenue that is specified as a general function parameterized by a vector of policy instruments including government and non-government interventions and costs other than taxation