Mitochondrial respiratory parameters in glucose-free assay medium (pmol(O₂).min⁻¹.(µg protein)⁻¹).

<p>Data are shown as means and 95% CI, n = 3.</p

Mitochondrial mass markers in myoblasts and myotubes.

<p>Citrate synthase activity is expressed as (nmol.min⁻¹.(µg protein) ⁻¹). Mitochondrial yield was determined as µg of mitochondrial protein content per µg of total cellular protein. Data are shown as means and 95% CI, n = 3.</p

C2C12 cells grow more slowly without glucose and fail to consume galactose.

<p><b>A.</b> Growth rate over 3 days. LG, 1 g/l glucose; GAL, 1 g/l galactose, CF, carbohydrate-free. <b>B.</b> Doubling time. <b>C.</b> Changes in galactose concentration in growth media over time. All results are presented as means and 95% CI, (n = 3, each experiment was performed in triplicate).</p

Mitochondrial respiratory parameters of myotubes in glucose 1 g/l assay medium (pmol(O₂).min⁻¹.(µg protein)⁻¹).

<p>Data are shown as means and 95% CI, n = 3.</p

Dose-dependence of the effect of dodecylTPP⁺ on mitochondrial metabolism.

<p><b>A.</b> Proton leak-driven respiration increases substantially with an increasing extracellular concentration of dodecylTPP⁺. <b>B.</b> A simultaneous decrease in maximal respiration due to increasing doses of dodecylTPP⁺. All results are expressed as the percentage of OCR of the DMSO treated control and are presented as means ± 95% CI, n = 3–6.</p

Mitochondrial respiratory parameters in assay media containing growth medium substrates (pmol(O₂).min⁻¹.(µg protein)⁻¹ ).

<p>Data are shown as means and 95% CI, n = 3.</p

Respiratory chain enzymatic activity in myoblasts and myotubes.

<p>Activities were expressed as ^†pmol(DCIP).min⁻¹.(µg protein)⁻¹, ^¶pmol(cytochrome <i>c</i>).min⁻¹.(µg protein)⁻¹, ^§µΔln(A₅₅₀).min⁻¹.(µg protein)⁻¹.</p><p>Data are shown as means and 95% CI, n = 3.</p

TPP⁺ derivatives decrease mitochondrial membrane potential.

<p>A typical TMRM fluorescence intensity histogram from a flow cytometry experiment with C2C12 cells in the presence of 1 <i>μ</i>M TPP⁺ compounds. Lower fluorescence intensity corresponds to a lower membrane potential (Δ<i>ψ</i>_<i>m</i>).</p

The acute response of cellular respiration to various alkylTPP⁺ compounds in intact C2C12 myoblasts.

<p>After measuring the respiration in basal conditions, cells were treated with different alkylTPP⁺ at a final concentration of 1 <i>μ</i>M or vehicle (DMSO 0.02%). Oligomycin (O) 1 <i>μ</i>M, FCCP (F) 0.5 <i>μ</i>M rotenone-antimycin A (R+A) 0.5 <i>μ</i>M were injected successively to perform a mitochondrial stress test. Cellular oxygen consumption rate (OCR) is expressed as the percentage of basal OCR (OCR%) and presented as means ± 95% CI, n = 3–6.</p

Glycolytic activity (ECAR) in 1 g/l glucose environment (mpH.min⁻¹.(µg protein)⁻¹).

<p>Data are shown as means and 95% CI, n = 3.</p