52 research outputs found

    Stable Isotope Composition of Fatty Acids in Organisms of Different Trophic Levels in the Yenisei River

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    We studied four-link food chain, periphytic microalgae and water moss (producers), trichopteran larvae (consumers I), gammarids (omnivorous – consumers II) and Siberian grayling (consumers III) at a littoral site of the Yenisei River on the basis of three years monthly sampling. Analysis of bulk carbon stable isotopes and compound specific isotope analysis of fatty acids (FA) were done. As found, there was a gradual depletion in 13C contents of fatty acids, including essential FA upward the food chain. In all the trophic levels a parabolic dependence of Ξ΄13C values of fatty acids on their degree of unsaturation/chain length occurred, with 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3 in its lowest point. The pattern in the Ξ΄13C differences between individual fatty acids was quite similar to that reported in literature for marine pelagic food webs. Hypotheses on isotope fractionation were suggested to explain the findings

    Fatty Acid Content and Composition of Fly Larvae Lucilia sericata (Family Calliphoridae) Grown on Diets with Different Content of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and the Amino Acid Composition of this Species

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    ΠΠΊΠ²Π°ΠΊΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚ΡƒΡ€Π° – Π±Ρ‹ΡΡ‚Ρ€ΠΎΡ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡŽΡ‰Π°ΡΡΡ ΠΎΡ‚Ρ€Π°ΡΠ»ΡŒ сСльского хозяйства, ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ сСйчас ΠΎΠ½Π° ΡΡ‚ΠΎΠ»ΠΊΠ½ΡƒΠ»Π°ΡΡŒ с нСдостатком ΠΊΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠΎΠ², основу ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Ρ… ΡΠΎΡΡ‚Π°Π²Π»ΡΡŽΡ‚ ΡƒΠ»ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹ Π΄ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΉ Ρ€Ρ‹Π±Ρ‹, ΠΈ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ слСдствиС, ΠΏΠΎΠ²Ρ‹ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈΡ… стоимости. Для дальнСйшСго устойчивого развития Π°ΠΊΠ²Π°ΠΊΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚ΡƒΡ€Ρ‹ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ Π°Π»ΡŒΡ‚Π΅Ρ€Π½Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ°, ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΡ‹Π΅ Π½Π΅ ΠΈΠ· Π΄ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΉ Ρ€Ρ‹Π±Ρ‹. НасСкомыС Ρ€Π°ΡΡΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ подходящий источник ΠΊΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±Π΅Π»ΠΊΠ° для Ρ€Ρ‹Π±, ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΈΡ… Тирнокислотный (Π–Πš) состав часто Π½Π΅ соотвСтствуСт трСбованиям Π°ΠΊΠ²Π°ΠΊΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚ΡƒΡ€Ρ‹. Π’ Ρ€Ρ‹Π±ΡŒΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΆΠΈΡ€Π΅ срСди ΠŸΠΠ–Πš Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‚ кислоты сСмСйства омСга‑3, Π° Π² Π½Π°Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… насСкомых – сСмСйства омСга‑6. ИсслСдованиС возмоТности ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ„ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ Π–Πš состава Π»ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΊ насСкомых для увСличСния содСрТания омСга‑3 ΠŸΠΠ–Πš являСтся Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΡƒΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π·Π°Π΄Π°Ρ‡Π΅ΠΉ. ЦСлью Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Ρ‹ Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·ΡƒΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ состав ΠΈ содСрТаниС ΠΆΠΈΡ€Π½Ρ‹Ρ… кислот Π² Π»ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½ΠΊΠ°Ρ… ΠΌΡƒΡ…ΠΈ Lucilia sericata, Π²Ρ‹Ρ€Π°Ρ‰Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π½Π° стандартном ΠΊΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ΅ с Π΄ΠΎΠ±Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Ρ€Ρ‹ΠΆΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ масла, Π±ΠΎΠ³Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ Π°Π»ΡŒΡ„Π°-Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ кислотой (ΠΠ›Πš, 18:3n‑3), ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ аминокислотный состав (АК) Π»ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΊ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π° ΠΌΡƒΡ…. Π–Πš Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π° Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ Ρ…Ρ€ΠΎΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°Ρ„Π΅ с масс-спСктромСтричСским Π΄Π΅Ρ‚Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΌ. АК Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· выполняли Π½Π° Тидкостном Ρ…Ρ€ΠΎΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°Ρ„Π΅. АК состав исслСдованных Π»ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΊ ΠΌΡƒΡ…, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΈΡ… насСкомых отряда Diptera, Π±Ρ‹Π» Π±Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠΊ ΠΊ АК составу Ρ€Ρ‹Π±Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΡƒΠΊΠΈ. Бостав ΠΈ содСрТаниС ΠΆΠΈΡ€Π½Ρ‹Ρ… кислот Π»ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΊ ΠΌΡƒΡ…ΠΈ Π½Π° стандартном ΠΊΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ΅ Ρ…Π°Ρ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡŒ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΠΎΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ омСга‑3 / омСга‑6 ΠŸΠΠ–Πš ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ 18:1n‑9 ΠΈ 18:2n‑6 – ΠΆΠΈΡ€Π½Ρ‹Ρ… кислот, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅ суммарно составляли ΠΎΡ‚ 40 % Π΄ΠΎ 60 % ΠΎΡ‚ суммы Π–Πš. Π”ΠΎΠ±Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Ρ€Ρ‹ΠΆΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ масла ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ омСга‑3 / омСга‑6 ΠŸΠΠ–Πš с 0,11 Π΄ΠΎ 0,46, Π³Π»Π°Π²Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΎΠΌ Π·Π° счёт увСличСния содСрТания ΠΠ›Πš. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΎΠΌ, Π–Πš состав Π»ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΊ L. sericata ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ‚ Π±Ρ‹Ρ‚ΡŒ сущСствСнно ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ„ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ ΠΏΠΈΡ‰Π΅ΠΉAquaculture is a fast-growing branch of agriculture, but it faces fish feed shortages due to a decrease in wild fish catches. As a result, the price of feed increases. For further development it requires alternative feed sources. Insects are considered a suitable protein source for fish, but their fatty acid (FA) composition often does not meet the requirements of aquaculture. In fish oil, PUFAs are dominated by the omega‑3 family, and in terrestrial insects, by the omega‑6 family. A question arises whether insect larvae lipid composition can be modified to increase the content of omega‑3 PUFAs. For this purpose, Lucilia sericata larvae were grown on standard feed and feed with addition of camelina oil rich in alpha-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3n‑3), and their FA content and composition were compared. To evaluate the quality of these larvae protein, their amino acid (AA) composition was determined. The FA analysis was performed on a gas chromatograph equipped with a mass-spectrometer detector. The AA analysis was performed on a liquid chromatograph. The AA composition of the examined fly larvae, similarly to other insects (Diptera), was close to the AA composition of fish meal. Fatty acid composition and content of fly larvae grown on standard food was characterized by a low ratio of omega‑3/omega‑6 PUFAs and by the dominance of 18:1n‑9 and 18:2n‑6 fatty acids, which together comprised 40–60 % of the total of FAs. The addition of camelina oil changed the ratio of omega‑3/ omega‑6 PUFAs from 0.11 to 0.46, mainly due to the increase in ALA content. Thus, FA content and composition of L. sericata larvae can be significantly modified by a die

    Stable Isotope Analyses in Aquatic Ecology (a review)

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    Theory and practice of analyses of stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen for food trophic studies in aquatic ecology are regarded basing on literature, published primarily in the last decade. Methods of measuring of the stable isotope ratios, Ξ΄13C and Ξ΄15N, are described including those of compound specific isotope analyses. Differences in isotopic signatures between terrestrial and aquatic organisms as well as between taxa and life forms and habitats are generalized. Trophic fractionation of 15N as the basis of quantitative estimation of trophic positions of organisms is described. Environmental factors affecting values of isotope ratios and limitations of the stable isotope method are discussed. Novel conceptions of aquatic ecology, developed on the basis of the stable isotope analyses are listed. As concluded, the stable isotopes are becoming a standard analytical tool in food web ecology. Careful use must be made of this tool, however.На основС ΠΏΡƒΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΉ прСимущСствСнно послСднСго дСсятилСтия рассмотрСна тСория ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΠ° Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΡΡ‚Π°Π±ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ² ΡƒΠ³Π»Π΅Ρ€ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΈ Π°Π·ΠΎΡ‚Π° Π² трофичСских исслСдованиях Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ‹Ρ… экосистСм. ΠžΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½Ρ‹ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹ измСрСния ΡΠΎΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΡ‚Π°Π±ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ², Ξ΄13C ΠΈ Ξ΄15N, Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π°Ρ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΎΡ‚Π΄Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… классах вСщСств. ΠžΠ±ΠΎΠ±Ρ‰Π΅Π½Ρ‹ Π΄Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΎ различиях ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠΏΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ состава Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΈ Π½Π°Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠ², Π° Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Ρ€Π°Π·Π½ΠΎΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌ Π² основных Ρ‚ΠΈΠΏΠ°Ρ… мСстообитаний. РассмотрСно трофичСскоС Ρ„Ρ€Π°ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 15N ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ основа для количСствСнной ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ трофичСской ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠ². РассмотрСны экологичСскиС Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹, Π²Π»ΠΈΡΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ², Π° Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ‹ свСдСния ΠΎΠ± ограничСниях ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΡΡ‚Π°Π±ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ². ΠŸΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Ρ‡ΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½Ρ‹ новСйшиС ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ†Π΅ΠΏΡ†ΠΈΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ экологии, Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ Π½Π° Π±Π°Π·Π΅ примСнСния Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΡΡ‚Π°Π±ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ². Π‘Π΄Π΅Π»Π°Π½ Π²Ρ‹Π²ΠΎΠ΄, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΡΡ‚Π°Π±ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ² становится стандартным инструмСнтом для экологичСских исслСдований ΠΏΠΈΡ‰Π΅Π²Ρ‹Ρ… сСтСй. Π’Π΅ΠΌ Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΅, использованиС этого инструмСнта Ρ‚Ρ€Π΅Π±ΡƒΠ΅Ρ‚ большой остороТности

    Fatty Acids: Essential Nutrients and Important Biomarkers

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    Fatty acids (FA) are well-known, important components of human nutrition [...

    Essential Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and their Dietary Sources for Man

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    Π Π°ΡΡΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ структура ΠΈ строСниС ΠΌΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡƒΠ» ΠΆΠΈΡ€Π½Ρ‹Ρ… кислот, Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π°Ρ Π½Π΅Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΌΡ‹Π΅ полинСнасыщСнныС ΠΆΠΈΡ€Π½Ρ‹Π΅ кислоты (ΠŸΠΠ–Πš). ΠžΠΏΠΈΡΡ‹Π²Π°Π΅Ρ‚ΡΡ Ρ€ΠΎΠ»ΡŒ ΠŸΠΠ–Πš Π² ΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ Ρ‡Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ° ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ биохимичСских ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΡˆΠ΅ΡΡ‚Π²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Ρ… эндогормонов. ΠŸΡ€ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ‚ΡΡ ΠΎΠ±Π·ΠΎΡ€ Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ»Π΅Ρ‚Π½ΠΈΡ… клиничСских ΠΈ эпидСмиологичСских исслСдований дСйствия ΠŸΠΠ–Πš Π½Π° Ρ‡Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ°. РассматриваСтся Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ сбалансированного потрСблСния ΠŸΠΠ–Πš Π² Π΄ΠΈΠ΅Ρ‚Π΅, ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡ‚Π²ΡƒΡŽΡ‰Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ„ΠΈΠ»Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΠ΅ сСрдСчно-сосудистых Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ. ΠžΠ±ΠΎΠ±Ρ‰Π°ΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ Π΄Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΎ содСрТании ΠŸΠΠ–Πš Π² Ρ€Ρ‹Π±Π΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π² основном источникС этих вСщСств Π² ΠΏΠΈΡ‚Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Ρ‡Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ°. ΠžΠ±ΡΡƒΠΆΠ΄Π°Π΅Ρ‚ΡΡ вСроятная Ρ€ΠΎΠ»ΡŒ потрСблСния ΠΌΠΎΡ€Π΅ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΡƒΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΠ² Π² ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΡŽΡ†ΠΈΠΈ Ρ‡Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ°. Даётся характСристика Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ‹Ρ… экосистСм ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ основных ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΡƒΡ†Π΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² Π΄Π»ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΡ†Π΅ΠΏΠΎΡ‡Π΅Ρ‡Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠŸΠΠ–Πš Π² биосфСрС. ΠŸΡ€Π΅Π΄ΡΡ‚Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ‹ основныС способы сохранСния высокой ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΡƒΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΈ ΠŸΠΠ–Πš Π² Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ‹Ρ… экосистСмах. ΠŸΡ€ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ‚ΡΡ количСствСнныС Π΄Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΎΠ± ΠΎΠΏΡ‚ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… порциях потрСбляСмой Ρ€Ρ‹Π±Ρ‹ ΠΈ способах Π΅Ρ‘ ΠΊΡƒΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ€Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚ΠΊΠΈ.Composition and structure of molecules of fatty acids are regarded, including those of essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Role of PUFA in human organism as the precursors of various endohormones is described. A review is done of results of many years clinical and epidemiological studies of PUFA effects on humans. An importance of balanced PUFA diet to prevent cardiovascular disease is considered. Data on PUFA contents in fish as the main source of these biochemicals for humans are generalized. A probable role of sea food in humans’ evolution is discussed. Aquatic ecosystems are characterized as the main producers of long-chain PUFA in Biosphere. Principal ways of sustaining of high PUFA production in aquatic ecosystems are regarded. Quantitative data on optimal portions of fish to consume and on ways of it culinary treatments are given

    Essential Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and their Dietary Sources for Man

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    Π Π°ΡΡΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ структура ΠΈ строСниС ΠΌΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡƒΠ» ΠΆΠΈΡ€Π½Ρ‹Ρ… кислот, Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π°Ρ Π½Π΅Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΌΡ‹Π΅ полинСнасыщСнныС ΠΆΠΈΡ€Π½Ρ‹Π΅ кислоты (ΠŸΠΠ–Πš). ΠžΠΏΠΈΡΡ‹Π²Π°Π΅Ρ‚ΡΡ Ρ€ΠΎΠ»ΡŒ ΠŸΠΠ–Πš Π² ΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ Ρ‡Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ° ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ биохимичСских ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΡˆΠ΅ΡΡ‚Π²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Ρ… эндогормонов. ΠŸΡ€ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ‚ΡΡ ΠΎΠ±Π·ΠΎΡ€ Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ»Π΅Ρ‚Π½ΠΈΡ… клиничСских ΠΈ эпидСмиологичСских исслСдований дСйствия ΠŸΠΠ–Πš Π½Π° Ρ‡Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ°. РассматриваСтся Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ сбалансированного потрСблСния ΠŸΠΠ–Πš Π² Π΄ΠΈΠ΅Ρ‚Π΅, ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡ‚Π²ΡƒΡŽΡ‰Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ„ΠΈΠ»Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΠ΅ сСрдСчно-сосудистых Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ. ΠžΠ±ΠΎΠ±Ρ‰Π°ΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ Π΄Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΎ содСрТании ΠŸΠΠ–Πš Π² Ρ€Ρ‹Π±Π΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π² основном источникС этих вСщСств Π² ΠΏΠΈΡ‚Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Ρ‡Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ°. ΠžΠ±ΡΡƒΠΆΠ΄Π°Π΅Ρ‚ΡΡ вСроятная Ρ€ΠΎΠ»ΡŒ потрСблСния ΠΌΠΎΡ€Π΅ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΡƒΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΠ² Π² ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΡŽΡ†ΠΈΠΈ Ρ‡Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ°. Даётся характСристика Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ‹Ρ… экосистСм ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ основных ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΡƒΡ†Π΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² Π΄Π»ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΡ†Π΅ΠΏΠΎΡ‡Π΅Ρ‡Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠŸΠΠ–Πš Π² биосфСрС. ΠŸΡ€Π΅Π΄ΡΡ‚Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ‹ основныС способы сохранСния высокой ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΡƒΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΈ ΠŸΠΠ–Πš Π² Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ‹Ρ… экосистСмах. ΠŸΡ€ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ‚ΡΡ количСствСнныС Π΄Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΎΠ± ΠΎΠΏΡ‚ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… порциях потрСбляСмой Ρ€Ρ‹Π±Ρ‹ ΠΈ способах Π΅Ρ‘ ΠΊΡƒΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ€Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚ΠΊΠΈ.Composition and structure of molecules of fatty acids are regarded, including those of essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Role of PUFA in human organism as the precursors of various endohormones is described. A review is done of results of many years clinical and epidemiological studies of PUFA effects on humans. An importance of balanced PUFA diet to prevent cardiovascular disease is considered. Data on PUFA contents in fish as the main source of these biochemicals for humans are generalized. A probable role of sea food in humans’ evolution is discussed. Aquatic ecosystems are characterized as the main producers of long-chain PUFA in Biosphere. Principal ways of sustaining of high PUFA production in aquatic ecosystems are regarded. Quantitative data on optimal portions of fish to consume and on ways of it culinary treatments are given

    Stable Isotope Analyses in Aquatic Ecology (a review)

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    Theory and practice of analyses of stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen for food trophic studies in aquatic ecology are regarded basing on literature, published primarily in the last decade. Methods of measuring of the stable isotope ratios, Ξ΄13C and Ξ΄15N, are described including those of compound specific isotope analyses. Differences in isotopic signatures between terrestrial and aquatic organisms as well as between taxa and life forms and habitats are generalized. Trophic fractionation of 15N as the basis of quantitative estimation of trophic positions of organisms is described. Environmental factors affecting values of isotope ratios and limitations of the stable isotope method are discussed. Novel conceptions of aquatic ecology, developed on the basis of the stable isotope analyses are listed. As concluded, the stable isotopes are becoming a standard analytical tool in food web ecology. Careful use must be made of this tool, however.На основС ΠΏΡƒΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΉ прСимущСствСнно послСднСго дСсятилСтия рассмотрСна тСория ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΠ° Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΡΡ‚Π°Π±ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ² ΡƒΠ³Π»Π΅Ρ€ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΈ Π°Π·ΠΎΡ‚Π° Π² трофичСских исслСдованиях Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ‹Ρ… экосистСм. ΠžΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½Ρ‹ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹ измСрСния ΡΠΎΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΡ‚Π°Π±ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ², Ξ΄13C ΠΈ Ξ΄15N, Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π°Ρ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΎΡ‚Π΄Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… классах вСщСств. ΠžΠ±ΠΎΠ±Ρ‰Π΅Π½Ρ‹ Π΄Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΎ различиях ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠΏΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ состава Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΈ Π½Π°Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠ², Π° Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Ρ€Π°Π·Π½ΠΎΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌ Π² основных Ρ‚ΠΈΠΏΠ°Ρ… мСстообитаний. РассмотрСно трофичСскоС Ρ„Ρ€Π°ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 15N ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ основа для количСствСнной ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ трофичСской ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠ². РассмотрСны экологичСскиС Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹, Π²Π»ΠΈΡΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ², Π° Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ‹ свСдСния ΠΎΠ± ограничСниях ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΡΡ‚Π°Π±ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ². ΠŸΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Ρ‡ΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½Ρ‹ новСйшиС ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ†Π΅ΠΏΡ†ΠΈΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ экологии, Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ Π½Π° Π±Π°Π·Π΅ примСнСния Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΡΡ‚Π°Π±ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ². Π‘Π΄Π΅Π»Π°Π½ Π²Ρ‹Π²ΠΎΠ΄, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΡΡ‚Π°Π±ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ² становится стандартным инструмСнтом для экологичСских исслСдований ΠΏΠΈΡ‰Π΅Π²Ρ‹Ρ… сСтСй. Π’Π΅ΠΌ Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΅, использованиС этого инструмСнта Ρ‚Ρ€Π΅Π±ΡƒΠ΅Ρ‚ большой остороТности

    Theoretical Analysis of the Potential of Silver Carp Hypophthalmichthys Molitrix in the Control of Water Blooming by Different Species of Cyanobacteria

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    Π’ Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π΅ проводится тСорСтичСский Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· возмоТности Π±Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ толстолобика (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ Β«Ρ†Π²Π΅Ρ‚Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅Β» Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ² Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ Ρ†ΠΈΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ±Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΉ. Для Ρ€Π΅ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ этой Π·Π°Π΄Π°Ρ‡ΠΈ построСна имитационная модСль, ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΡ‹Π²Π°ΡŽΡ‰Π°Ρ сообщСство Ρ†ΠΈΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ±Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΉ Π² абстрактном Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅. Π’ качСствС ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΠ΅ΠΌΡ‹Ρ… Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π²Ρ‹Π±Ρ€Π°Π½Ρ‹ Anabaena flos-aquae ΠΈ Microcystis aeruginosa. ΠœΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ расчСты ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Ρ‹Π²Π°ΡŽΡ‚, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ интродукция Ρ€Ρ‹Π± Π² Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ΅ΠΌ подавляСт Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠ΅ Anabaena flos-aquae. Β«Π¦Π²Π΅Ρ‚Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅Β» Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹, Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠΈΡ€ΡƒΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ΅ Microcystis aeruginosa, Π½Π°ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΡ‚ Π½Π΅ сдСрТиваСтся Π±Π΅Π»Ρ‹ΠΌ толстолобиком. Одной ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½ Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΎΠΉ Ρ€Π΅Π°ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΈ Microcystis aeruginosa Π½Π° Π·Π°Ρ€Ρ‹Π±Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ΅ΠΌΠ° Π±Π΅Π»Ρ‹ΠΌ толстолобиком ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ‚ Π±Ρ‹Ρ‚ΡŒ стимуляция роста этого Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π° послС прохоТдСния Ρ‡Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π· ΠΊΠΈΡˆΠ΅Ρ‡Π½ΠΈΠΊ Ρ€Ρ‹Π±.Π’Π°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΎΠΌ, Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ Π±Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ толстолобика ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ рост Ρ†ΠΈΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ±Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΉ Π² ΠΌΠ°ΡΡˆΡ‚Π°Π±Π°Ρ… Ρ†Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ΅ΠΌΠ° носит видоспСцифичный Ρ…Π°Ρ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π΅Ρ€, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹ΠΉ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΡƒΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚Ρ‹Π²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ мСроприятий ΠΏΠΎ Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ Β«Ρ†Π²Π΅Ρ‚Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉΒ».The possibility to use silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) in the control of water blooming by cyanobacteria is theoretically analyzed. To attain this goal the dynamic model has been developed, describing communities of two species of cyanobacteria: Anabaena flos-aquae and Microcystis aeruginosa, taking into account direct influence of silver carp on cyanobacteria growth - stimulation of cyanobacteria growth rate and cyanobacteria digestion in fish gut. The calculation results have shown that silver carp influences oppositely the formation of blooming by cyanobacteria species simulated. Reservoir stocking with silver carp inhibits the development of Anabaena flos-aquae species. The development of Microcystis aeruginosa is not constrained by silver carp. Forming blooming outbreaks by this species is possible even with increasing stocking. One of the possible reasons may be the fact that the Microcystis aeruginosa growth is stimulated after passing through fish gut. Therefore, when planning biomanipulations using silver carp it is necessary to take into consideration the relationship between fish and the different species of cyanobacteria. The success of such manipulations depends on what species of cyanobacteria are dominant in the ecosystem in the blooming period

    БиодСградация полигидроксиалканоатов Π² ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ‹Ρ… экосистСмах

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    The review reports studies of PHA biodegradation behavior in natural freshwater and marine environments. The factors determining polymer degradation rates in water basin include the temperature and the mineral component of the water, the structure of the aquatic ecosystem and bacterioplankton composition. Anaerobic degradation occurs at slower rates as compared with aerobic process. One of the factors limiting PHA degradation rates is deficiency of dissolved mineral phosphorus, which hinders the development of microbial components of the ecosystem. Differences in biodegradation patterns of PHA specimens are accounted for by different structures and surface areas of specimens, which influence the adhesion of microorganisms. Bacteria are main PHA destructors in water ecosystems as opposed to soil environments where micromycetes are most significant degradersΠ’ ΠΎΠ±Π·ΠΎΡ€Π΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ‹ Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹ исслСдований ΠΏΠΎ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π³Ρ€Π°Π΄Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ полигидроксиалканоатов (ΠŸΠ“Π) Π² ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ‹Ρ… прСсноводных ΠΈ морских экосистСмах. Π€Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹, ΠΎΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠ΅ скорости Π΄Π΅Π³Ρ€Π°Π΄Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ€ΠΎΠ² Π² условиях Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ΅ΠΌΠ°, Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π°ΡŽΡ‚ Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Ρƒ ΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π΅Ρ€Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΉ состав Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹, структуру Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ экосистСмы ΠΈ состав Π±Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΎΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΠ½Π°. ΠŸΡ€ΠΈ Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠΈ Π² Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ аэробной ΠΈ анаэробной Π·ΠΎΠ½ анаэробная дСградация ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ‚Π΅ΠΊΠ°Π΅Ρ‚ с мСньшими скоростями ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡ€Π°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡŽ с аэробной. Одним ΠΈΠ· Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ², ΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°Π½ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ… скорости Π΄Π΅Π³Ρ€Π°Π΄Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ ΠŸΠ“Π, являСтся нСдостаток растворСнного ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π΅Ρ€Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ фосфора, ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΏΡΡ‚ΡΡ‚Π²ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠΉ Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΡŽ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠ±Π½Ρ‹Ρ… сообщСств экосистСмы. ΠžΡ‚Π»ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΡ Π² особСнностях Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π³Ρ€Π°Π΄Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ ΠŸΠ“Π обусловлСны Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ структурой ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Ρ€Ρ…Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒΡŽ ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ†ΠΎΠ², Π²Π»ΠΈΡΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π½Π° адгСзию ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠ². Π‘Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ основными дСструкторами ΠŸΠ“Π Π² Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ‹Ρ… экосистСмах, Π² ΠΎΡ‚Π»ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡ‚ ΠΏΠΎΡ‡Π²Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ…, Π³Π΄Π΅ наибольшСС Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡŽΡ‚ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡ†Π΅Ρ‚
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