Alveolar neutrophil recruitment 24 hours after LPS.

<p>Impact of carbon monoxide (CO) exposure on neutrophil (PMN) percentage (<b>A</b>) and number/ml (<b>B</b>) in lung lavage fluid of untreated animals (no LPS or CO), or mice treated with 10 ng intratracheal LPS. LPS-challenged mice were exposed to either 0 (air), 50, 100, 200, or 500 ppm CO for 24 hours both before and after LPS. *p<0.05, **p<0.01 ***p<0.001 vs LPS +0 ppm CO; n = 19 for LPS +0 ppm CO, and 8–12 for all other groups (numbers are higher in the LPS+0 ppm CO group because, as our primary control, we ran 1–2 of these animals alongside the experiments for each of the other groups).</p

Carboxyhemoglobin association and dissociation kinetics.

<p>Time course for association (<b>A</b>) and dissociation (<b>B</b>) of blood carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) in ventilated, instrumented mice. For association kinetics, mice were ventilated from time 0 with 500 ppm carbon monoxide (CO) and arterial blood samples taken every 20 minutes. For dissociation kinetics a separate set of mice were ventilated for 80 minutes with 500 ppm CO, then at time 0 inspired gas was switched to 0 ppm CO and samples were taken every 20 minutes thereafter. n = 4/time point.</p

Indicators of side-effects with low dose inhaled carbon monoxide.

<p><b>A</b>. Carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) level in blood of animals exposed to carbon monoxide (CO) for 24 hours both before and after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) instillation. Only COHb data from the first mouse removed from the chamber are shown to minimise the confounding effects of dropping the CO concentration upon opening the chamber. ***p<0.001 vs 0 ppm CO, n = 4–5/group. <b>B</b>. Percentage weight loss in the 24 hours following LPS instillation, in mice exposed to 0, 100, 200 or 500 ppm. ***p<0.001 vs 0 ppm CO, n = 8–12/group. <b>C</b>. CO₂ level in chamber. CO₂ levels were recorded every 30 minutes: data represent average level in the 24 hour period prior to LPS instillation (to avoid potential confounding effects of anesthetic/LPS). ***p<0.001 vs 0 ppm CO, n = 3–5 experiments, with 4 mice in the chamber each experiment.</p

Impact of CO exposure either pre- or post- LPS challenge on alveolar neutrophil recruitment.

<p>Neutrophil (PMN) % (<b>A</b>) and number/ml (<b>B</b>) in lung lavage fluid of mice exposed to 100 ppm carbon monoxide (CO) for 24 hours either before or after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) instillation. *p<0.05, **p<0.01 vs 100 ppm CO pre-LPS; n = 8/group. For comparison, data from <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0011565#pone-0011565-g001" target="_blank">Figure 1</a> of the animals exposed either to 0 ppm or 100 ppm CO for 24 hours both pre- and post-LPS are shown (but not included in statistical analysis).</p

Neutrophil adhesion molecule expression, determined by flow cytometry.

<p>Surface expression of L-selectin (<b>A–C</b>) and CD11b (<b>D–F</b>) on neutrophils from lavage (<b>A,D</b>), lung tissue (<b>B,E</b>) and blood (<b>C,F</b>) from untreated animals (no LPS or CO), or mice exposed to 0 or 100 ppm carbon monoxide (CO) for 6 hours after LPS instillation. Data are expressed as mean fluorescence intensity (MFI). The data of lavage neutrophils in untreated animals were not included because the numbers of cells recovered were too small to allow for accurate analysis. *p<0.05 vs LPS +0 ppm CO; n = 9–10/group.</p

Tissue neutrophil numbers 6 hours after LPS, determined by flow cytometry.

<p>Neutrophil (PMN) number in lavage fluid (<b>A</b>), lung tissue (<b>B</b>) and blood (<b>C</b>) from untreated mice (no LPS or CO), or mice exposed to 0 or 100 ppm carbon monoxide (CO) for 6 hours after LPS instillation. Single cell suspensions were prepared from excised lungs of mice by mechanical disruption. Lavage, lung and blood cell samples were stained with fluorochrome-conjugated antibodies against cell-surface markers (CD11b, F4/80, Gr-1, L-selectin) and analysed by flow cytometry. Microsphere counting beads were added to enable cell quantification. Neutrophils were identified based on forward/side-scatter properties and F4/80 and Gr-1 expression. *p<0.05, **p<0.01 vs LPS +0 ppm CO; n = 9–10/group.</p

Lavage fluid cytokine concentrations 6 hours after LPS challenge.

<p>Concentration of cytokines IL-6 (<b>A</b>), MIP-2 (<b>B</b>), and KC (<b>C</b>) in lung lavage fluid of untreated mice (no LPS or CO), and mice exposed to 0 or 100 ppm carbon monoxide (CO) for 6 hours after LPS instillation. *p<0.05, **p<0.01 ***p<0.001 vs LPS +0 ppm CO; n = 7–8/group for IL-6 and MIP-2; n = 14–15/group for KC.</p

Delirium_Transcriptomics_Supplement - Whole-Genome mRNA Gene Expression Differs Between Patients With and Without Delirium

<p>Delirium_Transcriptomics_Supplement for Whole-Genome mRNA Gene Expression Differs Between Patients With and Without Delirium by Katrina Kalantar, Sara C. LaHue, Joseph L. DeRisi, Hannah A. Sample, Caitlin A. Contag, Scott A. Josephson, Michael R. Wilson, and Vanja C. Douglas in Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology</p

Concentrations of isoflavones and thiols as determined by HPLC.

a<p>Isoflavone metabolites measured by HPLC/UV.</p>b<p>Thiol metabolites measured by HPLC/FD.</p><p>Oc: occurrence;</p><p>NA: not available.</p

Typical gas chromatogram of volatile organic compounds (VOC) from a pooled human urine sample.

<p>Numbers indicate the following metabolites: 1∶3-methyl sulfolane; 2∶3-hexanone; 3∶2-pentanone; 4∶1-hydroxy-2-pentanone; 5: allyl methylsulphide; 6: dimethyl disulfide; 7∶4-heptanone; 8∶1-methylcyclohexanol; 9; 2-hexanone; 10∶3,4-dimethylthiophene; 11: diallyl sulphide; 12∶5-methyl-2-hexanone; 13∶1,3-dithio cyclohexane; 14: dimethyl trisulfide; 15: phenol; 16: o-cymene; 17: p-cymene; 18: m-cymene; 19∶1,4-cineol; 20: p-cresol; 21: linalool oxide; 22: iso-menthol; 23: Alpha-p-dimethylstyrene; 24: L-menthol; 25: undecane; 26: ledene oxide (II); 27: salicylic acid methyl ester; 28: Beta-carvone; 29: piperitone; 30: o-thymol; 31: Beta-cyclocitrol; 32∶4,7-dimethyl-benzofuran; 33: cuminal: 34∶2,6,10,10 Tetramethyl-oxa-spiro-4,5-dec-6-ene; 35∶4-(2,6,6-trimethyl-1-cyclohexen-1-yl)-2-butanone; 36∶1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1,1,6-trimethyl naphthalene; 37: Alpha-cedrene; 38∶1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1,5,7-trimethylnapthalene; 39∶1,2-diydro-1,1,6-trimethyl-napthalene; 40: Beta-guaiene; 41: Beta-damascenone; 42∶2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione-2,6-di-tert-butyl; 43: himachalene; 44∶4-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohexa-1,3-dienyl)-but-3-en-2-one: 45∶1-(2,6,6-trimethyl-1-cyclohexen-1-yl)-1-penten-3-one; 46∶2,4-Bis (1,1-dimethylethyl)-phenol; 47∶1-(2,3,6-trimethyl phenyl)-3-buten-2-one; 48: L-calamenene; 49: Beta-vatirenene; 50∶1,6,7-trimethylnaphthalene; 51: azulol; 52∶3,3,5,6-tetramethyl-1-indanone.</p