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International humanitarian law and the targeting of non-state intelligence personnel and objects
This Article examines the targetability of individuals and organizations performing intelligence functions for a non-State group involved in an armed conflict. Specifically, it considers the circumstances under which they lose the international humanitarian law (IHL) protections from, and during, attacks that they would otherwise enjoy as civilians. To do so, the piece deconstructs IHL’s “organized armed group” construct to determine when an intelligence organization can be characterized as a component thereof. Noting that some non-State groups consist of both entities involved in the hostilities and organizations having no relationship to them, the Article introduces the concept of a non-State group’s “overall OAG,” a notion that parallel’s the characterization of a State’s various military units as its “armed forces.” Additionally, the Article assesses the circumstances under which individuals engaged in activities intelligence who are not members of an OAG may be targeted on the basis of their “direct participation in the hostilities.
The hygienics of the soul: health and wholeness in the church\u27s life and practice
Manifested in Christian tradition
With One\u27s Own Arms: Condottieri, Machiavelli, and the Rise of the Florentine Militia
This paper examines the use of mercenary warfare on the Italian peninsula during the late 15th and early 16th centuries. It later focuses on the unique political and economic environment in Florence that led to Niccolo Machiavelli orchestrating the creation of the Florentine militia
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The law of cyber targeting
Cyber technology on the battlefield has outpaced the law, or at least full understanding of how extant law governs emerging capabilities—a strategically perilous state of affairs
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The Syrian intervention: assessing the possible international law justifications
RMS/Rate Dynamics via Localized Modes
We consider some reduction from nonlinear Vlasov-Maxwell equation to rms/rate
equations for second moments related quantities. Our analysis is based on
variational wavelet approach to rational (in dynamical variables)
approximation. It allows to control contribution from each scale of underlying
multiscales and represent solutions via multiscale exact nonlinear eigenmodes
(waveletons) expansions. Our approach provides the possibility to work with
well-localized bases in phase space and best convergence properties of the
corresponding expansions without perturbations or/and linearization procedures.Comment: 4 pages, 2 figures, JAC2001.cls, presented at European Particle
Accelerator Conference (EPAC02), Paris, June 3-7, 2002; changed from A4 to US
format for correct printin
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