Schematic figure of the experimental design used.

<p>Eggs collected from stock population females were randomly divided and exposed to six temperatures for 24 hours each. Thereafter, one day-old hatchlings were exposed to either 27°C or 37°C, after which survival and head capsule width were measured. Another cohort of resulting hatchlings was reared under control conditions until adult eclosion and then exposed for 24 h to 37°C, after which heat survival and other traits were scored.</p

Results of general linear models (GLMs) for the effects of (a) egg temperature on egg survival rate, (b) egg temperature and larval heat stress on hatchling survival rate, (c) egg temperature, larval heat stress and survival (dead versus alive individuals) on head capsule width of hatchlings, and for the effects of egg temperature on the survival rate during (d) the larval and (e) the pupal stage in <i>Bicyclus anynana</i>.

<p>Significant <i>P</i>-values are given in bold.</p

Results of a nominal logistic regression for the effects of egg temperature (fixed), cage (nested within temperature; random), sex (fixed), adult body mass, thorax-abdomen ratio and abdomen fat content (covariates) on adult heat survival in <i>Bicyclus anynana</i>.

<p>Significant <i>P</i>-values are given in bold.</p

Results of general linear mixed models (GLMMs) for the effects of egg temperature (fixed), cage (nested within temperature; random), and sex (fixed) on (a) adult body mass, (b) thorax-abdomen ratio, and (c) abdomen fat content in <i>Bicyclus anynana</i>.

<p>Significant <i>P</i>-values are given in bold.</p