Mean (± S.E.) prevalence of midgut infections in male <i>G. m. morsitans</i> (<i>Gmm</i>) or <i>G. p. palpalis</i> (<i>Gpp</i>) after RNAi knockdown using ds<i>tsetse EP</i>.

<p>Controls were either ds<i>Ampicillin</i>, ds<i>eGFP</i> or nuclease free water*. Flies were infected with either <i>T. b. brucei</i> TSW196 or <i>T. congolense</i> 1/148 (italics) blood stream forms in the indicated bloodmeal.</p

Immunoblot film lies below the nigrosine-stained PVDF.

<p>There is a decline in tsetse EP protein levels in midguts over a 7 day starvation period following the 5^th bloodmeal. 24 h  =  Flies starved for 7 days, fed a blood meal and then sacrificed 24 hours later. L  =  molecular mass ladder. Midgut proteins (1/2 midgut equivalent from pool of 5) were blotted with mAb 247.</p

A small target closely surrounded by 15 cm hedges to investigate the effect of thick grass regrowth.

<p>A small target closely surrounded by 15 cm hedges to investigate the effect of thick grass regrowth.</p

Control achieved by different kill rates imposed in various seasonal patterns, in good isolated habitat.

<p>Percent of the initial population density of tsetse remaining a year after deploying targets sufficient to impose an initial daily kill rate of 5–20%, followed by various months duration of the level stage and declining stage of target efficacy. Where the percent remaining is shown as 0.00, the figures in parentheses are the rounded-up number of months required to bring the percent below 0.01, <i>i</i>.<i>e</i>, the population's collapse point.</p><p>Control achieved by different kill rates imposed in various seasonal patterns, in good isolated habitat.</p

Elimination times associated with different kill rates imposed in various seasonal patterns for a number of years, in good isolated habitat.

<p>Number of years required for local elimination of an isolated tsetse population using kill rates of 5–20% at the start of each year, with different durations of the level stage of target efficacy, and with the declining stage set at three months. In the level stage the efficacy of each target is at its maximum each day. In the declining stage the daily efficacy of the targets declines linearly to zero. Where "-" is shown the population could not be eliminated in any number of years.</p><p>Elimination times associated with different kill rates imposed in various seasonal patterns for a number of years, in good isolated habitat.</p

Detransformed means of <i>G. f. fuscipes</i> catches at different distances from the water's edge.

<p>Both experiments ran for 12 days each.</p

Population data associated with adjoining habitats.

<p>Abundances (1) and mean ages of adult male and female tsetse (2), and percents (3) of females among all adults and of virgins among all females, at various distances from the contact between good and poor habitats, when the poor was associated with: all deaths increased 1.3 times (A), all deaths increased 2.0 times (B), adult deaths increased 3.0 times but standard reproductive deaths (C), and standard adult deaths but reproductive deaths increased 3.0 times (D). Good and poor habitats are shaded green and yellow, respectively. Red arrows show where mature males became so scarce that the daily probability of a mature virgin female finding a mate fell below 10%. Absence of a red arrow signifies no such fall in mating-finding success.</p

A small target underneath a 0.5 m high leafy canopy to investigate the effect of overhanging vegetation.

<p>A small target underneath a 0.5 m high leafy canopy to investigate the effect of overhanging vegetation.</p

Detransformed means of <i>G. f. fuscipes</i> catches with different arrangements of vegetation and solid objects around a 0.25×0.5 m Blue+Flanking net target.

<p>Means not associated with the same letter differ at P<0.05. All experiments ran for 12 days each.</p

Time course of population change during standard steady control in good isolated habitat.

<p>Effects of targets that kill 5% of the adult population per day, and are maintained continuously at maximum performance against a standard population of tsetse in an isolated area of good habitat: (A) effects on the numbers of pupae and adult males and females per km², and (B) mean age of adult males and females. Arrows indicate when the control of adult male plus female tsetse reached 90% (black arrow) and 99% (green), and when the population began to collapse due to inadequate availability of mates (red).</p