Inter-rater reliability for pilot and full analysis reviewer groups.

<p>All inter-rater reliabilities were measured using Krippendorff's alpha for ordinal data. *Includes only reviewers whose average scores (across all concepts) were within one standard deviation of the all-reviewer mean within each reviewer group.</p><p>^ Excludes concepts for which >20% of all reviewers deviated from the two most popular scores (i.e., high-disagreement concepts), and includes only reviewers whose average scores (across all included concepts) were within one standard deviation of the resulting all-reviewer mean within each reviewer group.</p><p>Inter-rater reliability for pilot and full analysis reviewer groups.</p

Average score for each ASHG genetics core concept and across concept categories within the “NGSS only” and the “NGSS+DCI,” compared to previous scores across state standards [8].

<p>Numerical scores: 0–0.5 = Not present (orange); 0.6–1.4 = Present, inadequate (yellow); 1.5–2.0 = Present, adequate (blue). These rough bins correspond to score bins used in [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0132742#pone.0132742.ref008" target="_blank">8</a>]. * indicates significant difference with a p-value <0.01 using Mann-Whitney rank score test.</p

Cellulosic Biomass Pretreatment and Sugar Yields as a Function of Biomass Particle Size

<div><p>Three lignocellulosic pretreatment techniques (ammonia fiber expansion, dilute acid and ionic liquid) are compared with respect to saccharification efficiency, particle size and biomass composition. In particular, the effects of switchgrass particle size (32–200) on each pretreatment regime are examined. Physical properties of untreated and pretreated samples are characterized using crystallinity, surface accessibility measurements and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging. At every particle size tested, ionic liquid (IL) pretreatment results in greater cell wall disruption, reduced crystallinity, increased accessible surface area, and higher saccharification efficiencies compared with dilute acid and AFEX pretreatments. The advantages of using IL pretreatment are greatest at larger particle sizes (>75 µm).</p></div

The yield of reducing sugar after enzymatic hydrolysis is shown for different particle size fractions for each pretreatment regime.

<p>The yield of reducing sugar after enzymatic hydrolysis is shown for different particle size fractions for each pretreatment regime.</p

SEM images of untreated and pretreated switchgrass.

<p>A –untreated, B – AFEX-pretreated, C – dilute acid pretreated, D – ionic liquid pretreated.</p

Crystallinity index derived from XRD pattern.

<p>Data shown are a representation of three independent measurements (see Material and Methods).</p

Compositional analysis of untreated and pretreated switchgrass.

<p>Compositional analysis was performed on milled biomass prior to fractionation. Data shown are a representation of three independent measurements (see Material and Methods).</p

Representative plot for nitrogen porosimetry experiments.

<p>Nitrogen adsorption isotherms are shown for 32–50 mesh samples of untreated and pretreated switchgrass.</p

BET surface areas of the biomass samples (m²/g).

<p>Data shown are a representation of three independent measurements (see Material and Methods).</p