Electrophysiological Dissociation of Picture Versus Word Encoding: The Distinctiveness Heuristic as a Retrieval Orientation

Event-related potentials (ERPs) were used to investigate the neural processes underlying the distinctiveness heuristic— a response mode in which participants expect to remember vivid details of an experience and make recognition decisions based on this metacognitive expectation. One group of participants studied pictures and auditory words; another group studied visual and auditory words. Studied and novel items were presented at test as words only, with all novel items repeating after varying lags. ERP differences were seen between the word and picture groups for both studied and novel items. For the novel items, ERP differences were largest in frontal and central midline electrodes. In separate analyses, the picture group showed the greatest ERP differences between item types in a parietally based component from 550 to 1000 msec, whereas the word group showed the greatest differences in a frontally based component from 1000 to 2000 msec. The authors suggest that the distinctiveness heuristic is a retrieval orientation that facilitates reliance upon recollection to differentiate between item types. Although the picture group can use this heuristic and its retrieval orientation on the basis of recollection, the word group must engage additional postretrieval processes to distinguish between item types, reflecting the use of a different retrieval orientation.Psycholog

Optimal Management of High-Risk T1G3 Bladder Cancer: A Decision Analysis

Using a Markov model, Shabbir Alibhai and colleagues develop a decision analysis comparing cystectomy with conservative treatment for high-risk superficial bladder cancer depending on patient age, comorbid conditions, and preferences

Micropapillary bladder cancer: Current treatment patterns and review of the literature

No guidelines exist for management of micropapillary bladder cancer (MPBC) and the majority of reports of this variant of urothelial carcinoma (UC) are case series comprised of small numbers of patients. We sought to determine current practice patterns for MPBC using a survey sent to the Society of Urologic Oncology (SUO) and to present those results in the setting of a comprehensive review of the existing literature

Datos actuales sobre los cuidados primarios del c\ue1ncer de ri\uf1\uf3n y de vejiga: perspectiva urol\uf3gica

En los \ufaltimos 10 a\uf1os se han sucedido cambios importantes en las estrategias para el diagn\uf3stico y el tratamiento de los c\ue1nceres de ri\uf1ones y de vejiga. En parte, ello ha provenido de los nuevos conocimientos sobre su carcinogenesis y patogenia, la apreciaci\uf3n de nuevos conceptos en su clasificaci\uf3n y tambi\ue9n la incorporaci\uf3n de las nuevas tecnolog\uedas que han surgido. El trabajo presente revisa los progresos y cambios de actualizaci\uf3n que se han sucedido en los conocimientos y las estrategias contra estas neoplasias, desde la perspectiva de su evaluaci\uf3n y tratamiento urol\uf3gicos dentro del contexto de la atenci\uf3n primaria