Female authorships by journal category.

<p><b>(A)</b> The subject category <i>Earth & Environmental</i> has much favorable authorship odds for women than other categories. The number of considered male and female authorships is given in brackets. (B) In all categories, the FAP exhibits a positive annual growth with a relatively higher growth for first and last authorships and a relatively lower growth for co-authorships.</p

Correlation of journal parameters.

<p>(A) There is no correlation between the 5-Year-Impact-Factor of a journal and its FAP. (B) A large negative correlation between the 5-Year-Impact-Factor of a journal and its <i>Prestige Index</i> was revealed. (C) The graph shows a small, but not significant negative correlation between the FAP and the <i>Prestige Index</i> of a journal.</p

Classification of <i>Earth & Environmental</i> journals.

<p>Classification of <i>Earth & Environmental</i> journals.</p

Time trend of female authorships on the global level.

<p>(<b>A</b>) The relative frequency of female authorships (FAP, bottom), the pattern of FAORs (with FAOR-triplet, top) and its associated <i>Prestige Index</i> (PI) are depicted by year and averaged over time. The very time-stable and unbalanced FAOR distribution is constantly characterized by the FAOR-pattern (+, +, -). The significantly negative PI points to a lack of prestigious authorships held by women. (<b>B</b>) The FAP exhibits a marginal increase as documented by its average annual growth rate (AAGR) of 0.7% per year with the highest rate for last authorships (1.5%).</p

Classification of <i>Life science</i> journals.

<p>Classification of <i>Life science</i> journals.</p

Female authorships by continents.

<p>The continents were descendingly ordered by the <i>Prestige Index</i>.</p

Classification of countries descendingly ordered by the Prestige Index.

<p>Classification of countries descendingly ordered by the Prestige Index.</p

Gender-specificity of citations & scholarly productivity.

<p>(<b>A</b>) The descendingly ordered citation rates shows that articles with male key authorships are more frequently cited than articles with female key authorships. The mean citation rate of 37.5 citations/article is depicted by a dotted line (Kruskal-Wallis test, (*): p < .05 (**): p < .01). (<b>B</b>) Average citation rates of both, ungrouped articles (bars) and articles that were grouped by the gender of their key authorships (lines), plotted as a function of the number of authors. Statistically, the citation rate of an article is higher the more authors are involved. The differences in citation rates between the two genders increase with the number of authors per article. (<b>C</b>) Gender-specific distribution of the number of articles per author. Women dominate the sub-groups 'author has 1 or 2 article(s)'. All other sub-groups are characterized by a relatively over-representation of male authors. This finding correlates with the higher productivity of male authors, as 61.0% male authors are responsible for 70.2% of all authorships.</p

Classification of <i>Multidisciplinary</i> journals.

<p>Classification of <i>Multidisciplinary</i> journals.</p

Female authorships by authors per article.

<p>The more authors contribute to an article, the higher is the FAP and the lower is the representation of women at prestigious authorships.</p