PRAT adipocyte size distribution.

<p>Adipocyte diameters were classified in 10-μm categories [category #, adipocyte diameter range in μm (10: 0.0–9.0μm, 20: 10.0–19.9μm, 20: 20.0–29.9μm, etc.] on the x-axis; and the percentage of total adipocytes in a 10-μm category was plotted on y-axis. At least 300 adipocyte diameters were measured for each tissue sample. Different letters denote differences among groups at each 10-μm category, p<0.05, as determined by Student’s t-test.</p

Top scoring network inclusive of genes expressed only in LOCK (score = 63).

<p>Nodes represent genes/molecules. Shading is proportional to RPKM value. Direct and indirect relationships are denoted with solid and dashed lines, respectively. White nodes denote network members that were not altered in the network. Lines ending in an arrow or blunt end indicate known direction of molecular activation or inhibition, respectively. Different shapes of genes represent different gene functions.</p

Protein expression of A) Col1a1 and B) Cd36 in PRAT from continued wheel access (RUN) and wheel locking (LOCK) rats (n = 5 per group).

<p>Protein expression was normalized for Ponceau S.</p

Daily food intake over the final 14 days.

<p>The vertical dashed line represents the day of wheel locking (LOCK). Different letters denote significance among groups at p < 0.05, as determined by Student’s t-test.</p

Second scoring network inclusive of up-regulated genes (score = 40) in LOCK vs RUN.

<p>Nodes represent genes/molecules. Shading is proportional to fold change size (red: upregulated). Direct and indirect relationships are denoted with solid and dashed lines, respectively. White nodes denote network members that were not altered in the network. Lines ending in an arrow or blunt end indicate known direction of molecular activation or inhibition, respectively. Different shapes of genes represent different gene functions.</p

Primer sequences for real-time PCR.

<p>Primer sequences for real-time PCR.</p

Representative image of the external pneumatic compression (EPC) device utilized herein.

<p>Pictured is the external pneumatic compression (EPC) device and leg sleeves (right) and an illustration of the peristaltic pulse massage pattern (left).</p

Protein expression patterns related to anabolic signaling.

<p>At baseline (PRE), 1 h following a heavy back squat resistance training session and treatment with EPC or sham (POST1) and 24 h following 3 consecutive days of heavy back squat resistance training session and treatment with EPC or sham and 2 additional, consecutive days of treatment with EPC or sham (POST2) protein expression patterns related to anabolic signaling were probed. Western blot analysis of protein concentrations in <i>vastus lateralis</i> biopsy samples are presented for A) insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1), B) phosphorylated 4E-binding protein 1 (p-4EBP1), and C) phosphorylated p-70 S6 kinase (p-p70s6k). Representative images and respective Ponceau images for all proteins are presented in Panel D. Protein expression data are expressed as fold-change from PRE levels (mean ± standard error) and effect sizes for change from PRE are presented as d ± 95% confidence interval. Effect sizes were calculated as mean change from PRE in the EPC group less mean change from PRE in the sham group divided by the pooled standard deviation for each respective time point. Repeated measures MANOVA was performed with PRE values as a covariate and an α ≤ 0.05 required for statistical significance. All statistics were performed using the absolute expression values. Main effects of time are presented as emphasized p-values. <i>Post-hoc</i> testing for a main effect of time was performed using Student’s paired t-tests and an α ≤ 0.025 was required for statistical significance.</p

Effects of EPC during and following heavy resistance training on select PCR markers.

<p>Effects of EPC during and following heavy resistance training on select PCR markers.</p

Humoral markers of muscle damage and inflammation.

<p>Creatine kinase (CK; Panel A), C-reactive protein (CRP; Panel B) and interleukin-6 (IL-6; Panel C) concentrations in the blood were measured at baseline (PRE/Day1) and on Days 3–7 of the protocol. Data are presented as mean respective concentrations ± standard error. Effect sizes were calculated as mean change from PRE in the EPC group less mean change from PRE in the sham group divided by the pooled standard deviation for each respective time point. Repeated measures MANOVA was performed with PRE values as a covariate and an α ≤ 0.05 required for statistical significance. Main effects of time and/or group are presented as emphasized p-values. <i>Post-hoc</i> testing for a main effect of time was performed using Student’s paired t-tests and an α ≤ 0.01 was required for statistical significance. *, time point (collapsed across groups) significantly different from PRE.</p