Directed acyclic graph for the relation between iron deficiency and malaria risk.

<p>cell. immun: cellular immunity; cum exp: cumulative malaria exposure; genetic predisp: genetic predisposition; humor immun: humoral immunity; hookw: hookworm infection; hist infect: history of other infections than malaria; HIV: human immunodeficiency virus; ID: iron deficiency; Pl.f.immun: immunity for Pl.falciparum; Pl.f: Plasmodium falciparum infection; SE: socio economic score; ZD: zinc deficiency; z.h.a: z-score height for age.</p

Hazard ratios (95% Cl) of iron deficiency for the risk on malaria parasitemia en clinical malaria.

<p>Iron deficiency is defined with different cut-offs for serum ferritin (SF) in ug/L, depending on presence of inflammation, defined as C-reactive protein (CRP) >10 mg/L. The marginal-structural Cox model included HIV-infection, socio economic score, age, nutrition and study site.</p

Sensitivity analysis of the impact of unmeasured confounding on the effect of baseline iron deficiency on risk of clinical malaria.

<p>The y-axis represents the hazard ratio for malaria infection comparing iron deficiency to iron replete after adjustment for average differences in prior risk represented by α on the x-axis. <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0042670#pone-0042670-g002" target="_blank">Figure 2a</a> represents analyses in which net amount of confounding is specified for both iron status groups (bias parameter u = α^{(2×ID - 1)}). <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0042670#pone-0042670-g002" target="_blank">Figure 2b</a> represents analyses in which the amount of confounding was varied as a function of age (bias parameter u = α^{(2×ID - 1)×(1 - abs(age-36)/30}).</p

Incidence of malaria parasitemia and clinical malaria per person year.

<p>Incidence of malaria parasitemia and clinical malaria per person year stratified per area, age group and iron status. Malaria parasitemia defined as a positive malaria blood slide; Clinical malaria: positive malaria blood slide with concurrent fever (axillary temp >37.5°C) or history of fever.</p

Baseline characteristics of the study population.

<p>Hemoglobin in g/dl; CRP: C-Reactive Protein; malnourished defined as height-for-age <−2 SD. HIV: Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Iron deficiency defined as serum ferritin <30 ug/L. SE-score: Socio Economic Score, a sum of the following scores: parents' education (1–4), job parents (1–4) and number of assets (0–6).</p

Additional file 4: Table S2 of Myocardial and haemodynamic responses to two fluid regimens in African children with severe malnutrition and hypovolaemic shock (AFRIM study)

Blood measurements (median and inter-quartile range) at different time points by study group. (PDF 37 kb

Baseline characteristics of 830 hookworm-PCR tested children stratified per study group.

*<p>n = 826.</p

PCR-determined hookworm distribution stratified per study group.

<p>Infection load is defined by the following cycle thresholds (Ct): low 35*</p><p>P<0.05.</p>**<p>P<0.01;</p>***<p>P<0.001.</p

PCR-detected hookworm infection and its association with severe anemia.

<p>Displayed are the adjusted Odds Ratios and 95% confidence intervals for hookworm infection and its association with severe anemia. Hookworm infection is defined as an <i>A. duodenale</i> and/or <i>a N. americanus</i> infection; infection load is defined by the following cycle thresholds (Ct): low 35</p

PCR-detected hookworm infection and its association with iron deficiency.

<p>Displayed are the adjusted Odds Ratios and 95% confidence intervals for hookworm infection and its association with iron deficiency. Hookworm infection is defined as an <i>A. duodenale</i> and/or <i>a N. americanus</i> infection; infection load is defined by the following cycle thresholds (Ct): low 35[29]. The multivariate model was adjusted for age, sex, study location, HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) infection and wasting (defined as a Z-score of weight for height <−2). These analyses include only children with severe anemia (hemoglobin of <5.0 g per decilitre).</p