The Impact of Facilitated Quarantine on Mental Health Status of Non-Severe COVID-19 Patients

It has been shown that quarantine is important to reduce the incidence and mortality during COVID-19 pandemic.1 However, quarantine has consequences towards mental health. From previous outbreaks, several negative psychological effects such as post-traumatic stress symptoms, confusion, and anger were observed.2 In Indonesia, several successful suicide cases of COVID-19 patients in quarantine facilities have been reported, and being quarantined in quarantine facilities has been suggested to be the main cause. Nevertheless, no study has confirmed whether being quarantined in quarantine facilities in fact, worsens the mental health status of COVID-19 patients

Prevalence of and risk factors for depression, anxiety, and stress in non-hospitalized asymptomatic and mild COVID-19 patients in East Java province, Indonesia

Background: Despite abundant data on mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic, 3 important knowledge gaps continue to exist, i.e., 1) studies from low-/middle income countries (LMICs); 2) studies in the later period of the COVID-19 pandemic; and 3) studies on non-hospitalized asymptomatic and mild COVID-19 patients. To address the knowledge gaps, we assessed the prevalence of and the risk factors for mental health symptoms among non-hospitalized asymptomatic and mild COVID-19 patients in one LMIC (Indonesia) during the later period of the pandemic. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in September 2020 in East Java province, Indonesia. Study population consisted of non-hospitalized asymptomatic and mild COVID-19 patients who were diagnosed based on reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction results from nasopharyngeal swab. Mental health symptoms were evaluated using the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21. Results: From 778 non-hospitalized asymptomatic and mild COVID-19 patients, 608 patients were included in the analysis. Patients’ median age was 35 years old and 61.2% were male. Of these, 22 (3.6%) reported symptoms of depression, 87 (14.3%) reported symptoms of anxiety, and 48 (7.9%) reported symptoms of stress. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that females were more likely to report symptoms of stress (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 1.98, p-value = 0.028); healthcare workers were more likely to report symptoms of depression and anxiety (aOR = 5.57, p-value = 0.002 and aOR = 2.92, p-value = 0.014, respectively); and those with a recent history of self-quarantine were more likely to report symptoms of depression and stress (aOR 5.18, p = 0.004 and aOR = 1.86, p = 0.047, respectively). Conclusion: The reported prevalence of mental health symptoms, especially depression, was relatively low among non-hospitalized asymptomatic and mild COVID-19 patients during the later period of the COVID-19 pandemic in East Java province, Indonesia. In addition, several risk factors have been identified

Clinical Characteristics of 6102 Asymptomatic and Mild Cases for Patients with COVID-19 in Indonesia

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a rise in confirmed cases, making epidemiological studies crucial for identifying the source of transmission and developing effective treatment methods. We conducted a study on the clinical characteristics of patients with asymptomatic and mild symptoms of COVID-19 at a rescue hospital in Indonesia. Methods: This is an epidemiological study involving 6102 patients who were admitted to the Indrapura forefront hospital in Surabaya from May 2020 to February 2021. We described demographic data, clinical signs and symptoms, laboratory data, therapy, and clinical outcomes. Results: A total of 6102 patients were involved in this study, with 3664 (60.04%) being male and 2438 (39.95%) being female. The age range of 21–30 years was the most prevalent, accounting for 31.1% (1898 patients). The population had 1476 patients (24.2%) with comorbid conditions. The most prevalent comorbidity observed among these patients was hypertension, affecting 1015 individuals (16.6%). Out of the total 6006 patients observed, 40.7% (n = 2486) were asymptomatic, 54.6% (n = 3329) had mild symptoms, and 3.1% (n = 191) had moderate symptoms. All patients were administered supportive therapy without the use of antiviral medication. Out of the 6102 patients included in the study, 5923 patients (97.1%) achieved a cure, 36 patients (0.6%) are currently undergoing treatment, 142 patients (2.3%) were referred for desaturation indications (SpO2 < 94%), and one patient died due to a suspected cardiovascular event. Out of the total number of patients, 74.5% (4529 patients) had an average length of stay (LOS) of less than 10 days, while 25.6% (1563 patients) had an average length of stay of more than 10 days. Conclusion: The clinical presentation of asymptomatic and mild COVID-19 patients at a rescue hospital varies significantly based on the age and sex of patients. Cough and hyposmia are commonly observed symptoms. Supportive therapy is effective, and strict implementation of social distancing is crucial in preventing the spread of this disease from individuals who are asymptomatic or have mild symptoms

Clinical characteristics and outcomes of hospitalized COVID-19 patients with diabetes mellitus in East Java, Indonesia: A cross-sectional study [version 1; peer review: 2 approved]

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus has been perceived as the worsening factor for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), where diabetes mellitus patients with pre-existing inflammatory condition could develop acute respiratory disease syndrome as well as multi-organ dysfunction. Managing diabetes mellitus amidst severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is also a matter of concern as several antidiabetic therapies could affect the progression of COVID-19. This study aimed to provide the clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with both COVID-19 and diabetes mellitus receiving blood glucose lowering therapies and COVID-19 symptomatic treatments. Methods: This retrospective study was performed on 260 medical records of patients hospitalized between May 2020 to February 2021 in East Java, Indonesia. Patients were confirmed COVID-19 positive based on the results from real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using nasal swab samples collected on hospital admission. Data included were demographic characteristics, COVID-19 symptoms, severity of COVID-19, comorbidities (other than diabetes mellitus), fasting blood glucose (FBG), and 2-hours post-prandial blood glucose (2hPBG), and outcomes. Results: Most of the patients had age range of 41–60 years old (76.1%) with more than a half of the subjects (60%) were obese. Patients with uncontrolled diabetes were distributed evenly among the COVID-19 severities (74.3% in asymptomatic group, 73.6% in mild group, and 74.1% in moderate group). There were reductions in FBG and 2hPBG levels measured before (210.75±81.38 and 271.19±100.7 mg/dL, respectively) and after the treatment (181.03±68.9 and 222.01±86.96 mg/dL, respectively). All patients received multivitamin and symptomatic treatment for COVID-19. Oral antidiabetic drug (57.6%) and insulin (28.8%) were administered to lower the blood glucose level of the patients. As many as 96.9% patients survived, while 3.1% died. Conclusion: COVID-19 could affect the blood glucose level, suggesting the importance of antihyperglycemic therapies among patients with both COVID-19 and diabetes mellitus

Therapy for patients with asymptomatic and mild cases of COVID-19 in Indonesia

Abstract Background: Though coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has been designated as a global pandemic, its nature as a viral infection means that it is essentially a self-limiting disease. We studied the application of symptomatic, isolation, relaxation, nutrition and observation (SIRNO) therapy in patients with asymptomatic and mild symptoms of COVID-19 at a rescue hospital in Indonesia. Methods: This is a retrospective cohort study involving 2122 patients who were admitted to Indrapura Field Hospital in Surabaya from 28 May 2020 to 20 September 2020. We analyzed demographic data, clinical signs and symptoms, laboratory data, therapy and clinical outcomes. Result: The total sample of 2122 patients consisted of 1403 male patients (66.12%), and 719 female patients (33.88 %). The most common age range was 26-45 years, at 52.54% (1115 patients). The clinical symptoms of 1121 patients (52.8%) were asymptomatic, 977 patients (46%) had mild symptoms, and 24 patients (0.1%) had moderate symptoms. All patients received the SIRNO therapy method. From a total of 2122 patients, 1930 patients (90.9%) were cured, 181 patients (8.5%) are still being treated, seven patients (0.03%) were referred for indications of desaturation (SpO2 <94%), and four patients (0.01%) were moved to a referral hospital. Until 20 September 2020, the final date studied, there were no patient deaths. Conclusion: The SIRNO method provides excellent results in the management of COVID-19 at a rescue hospital for patients with asymptomatic and mild symptoms. Economic pharmacological research can initiate a follow-up study in order to objectively measure the effectiveness and efficiency of SIRNO treatment methods in patients with asymptomatic, mild symptoms of COVID-19, and the small number of 24 patients (0,.1%) with moderate symptoms. Keywords Symptomatic, Isolation, Relaxation, Nutrition, Observation, COVID-1