Habitat use of <i>E</i>. <i>helvum</i> with respect to tree cover.

<p>Box plot of foraging points during the wet (n = 306) and dry season (n = 225) compared to the frequency distribution of 10,000 random points within a radius of 88 km around the colony site. Black dots: outliers beyond the 5^th / 95^th percentiles.</p

Seasonal colony fluctuations of <i>E</i>. <i>helvum</i> in Accra from January 2009 through January 2012.

<p>Triangles indicate tracking periods of the present study during population low (wet season 2009) and population high (dry season 2011); vertical lines represent colony counts.</p

GPS tracks of <i>E</i>. <i>helvum</i> from wet (a) and dry season (b).

<p>Round dots represent commuting and roosting locations, and octagons foraging locations of <i>E</i>. <i>helvum</i>. Black circles indicate the maximum foraging distance of wet season (37 km) and dry season (88 km). Southern part of map corresponds to Atlantic Ocean. See Supporting Information (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0138985#pone.0138985.s004" target="_blank">S3 Fig</a>) for detailed maps of foraging areas of selected individuals.</p

Seasonal changes of maximum and cumulative flight distances (a), and in size of core and foraging areas (b).

<p>Box plots show maximum flight distances from the colony to the most distant foraging area and the mean of daily cumulative flight distances. Box plots of core and foraging areas show the 50% and 90% kernel density UDs (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0138985#pone.0138985.t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a>). Dots represent raw data.</p

Foraging distances of Old World fruit bat species (Pteropodidae) in relation to body mass.

<p>1: <i>E</i>. <i>helvum</i>, dry season, 2: <i>E</i>. <i>helvum</i>, wet season. Linear regression (y = 0.746x + 1.810, R² = 0.384) with 95% confidence bands shown. Grey dots show cave-roosting <i>Rousettus</i> spp. See Supporting Information (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0138985#pone.0138985.s008" target="_blank">S4 Table</a> and <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0138985#pone.0138985.s001" target="_blank">S1 Appendix</a>) for literature data.</p

Proportion of protected areas with conservation activities between 1990 and 1999 across different African regions.

<p>The number of protected areas with available information on presence and absence of any conservation activity (research, tourism and law enforcement guards) over the considered period were in total 105.</p

Influence of tourism activities and PA size on threat level in 83 PAs.

<p>In bold are highlighted significant values (p <i><0.05</i>). See abbreviations in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0114154#pone-0114154-t002" target="_blank">Tab 2</a>. AIC, Akaike's Information Criterion; AICw, Akaike Information Criterion weight; Rank, model rank from the smallest to the largest AIC value; k, number of variables including the intercept.</p><p>Influence of tourism activities and PA size on threat level in 83 PAs.</p

Regional distribution of the protected areas (PAs) in tropical Africa considered in the analyses.

<p>The regions are coloured in different grey scale colours. Light grey represents West Africa, including 54 protected areas; medium grey represents Central Africa, including 31 protected areas; dark grey represents East Africa, including 14 protected areas. On the left-side bottom corner a MODIS NDVI image of Africa, with a red quadrant highlighting the tropical area considered in the study.</p

Influence of law enforcement activities and PA size on threat levels in 90 PAs.

<p>In bold are highlighted significant values (p <i><0.05</i>). See abbreviations in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0114154#pone-0114154-t002" target="_blank">Tab 2</a>. AIC, Akaike's Information Criterion; AICw, Akaike Information Criterion weight; Rank, model rank from the smallest to the largest AIC value; k, number of variables including the intercept.</p><p>Influence of law enforcement activities and PA size on threat levels in 90 PAs.</p

Threats impact levels to 98 tropical African protected areas at a continental and regional scale.

<p>Clockwise from top: Africa (a), Central Africa (b), East Africa (c) and West Africa (d).</p