Figure 1

<div><p>Error-bar plots of residuals from the least-squares regressions of brain (a,b) and testis (c,d) weights on body weight, and sexual mass dimorphism values (e, f) by mating system and female promiscuity determinations.</p> <p>Variables were log_e–transformed prior to regression analysis.</p> <p>Error bars represent one standard error of the mean.</p> <p>Mating system: MMMF, multi-male/multi-female; PA, polyandrous; Mon, monogamous; SM single male.</p></div

Figure 2

<div><p>Bivariate plot of relative brain size regressed on dimorphism.</p> <p>Gray oval represents the 95% confidence ellipse of the bivariate distribution.</p> <p>The positions of all monogamous genera (<i>Homo, Hylobates, Aotus</i>), chimpanzees and gorillas are labeled for reference.</p></div

Stress and the Multiple-Role Woman: Taking a Closer Look at the “Superwoman”

<div><p>In the academic literature there is debate as to whether women who engage in multiple social roles experience more or less stress than women in fewer roles. For the present research we examined the relationship between levels of engagement in seven distinct roles and perceived stress and life satisfaction in a small non-random sample of women in North America (N = 308). We did not find a significant correlation between role engagement and perceived stress, though we did find a small but significant positive correlation between role engagement and life satisfaction. Similarly, in a subset of the participants (N = 31), there was not a significant relationship between the level of role engagement and physiological stress as measured by hair or urinary cortisol levels. We found a significant negative correlation between perceived stress and life satisfaction, and role satisfaction. The results from multiple regression models did not identify the level of role engagement as a significant predictor of either perceived stress or life satisfaction. Role satisfaction in addition to several life style variables such as the frequency of sex and exercise were identified as significant predictors of both outcome variables. We also examined the popularized notion of the “superwoman”, which we defined as women who fell within the 4^th quartile of role engagement, or those engaged in the wife/mother/worker/homemaker role combination. Based on popular discourses surrounding the superwoman we expected that superwomen would exhibit higher levels of perceived stress. Our results revealed that superwomen do not experience a significantly higher level of perceived stress than non-superwomen. The results of our study therefore suggest that multiple role engagement in women, even at a relatively high level as experienced by “superwomen”, is not associated with significantly higher stress, or reduced life satisfaction.</p></div

Levels of life satisfaction for each of the seven roles and, and role combinations used in the study.

<p>0, role not occupied; 1, role occupied.</p><p>Levels of life satisfaction for each of the seven roles and, and role combinations used in the study.</p

Mean cortisol levels by role for the biological sampling group.

<p>Mean cortisol levels by role for the biological sampling group.</p

Levels of perceived stress (PSS) for each of the seven roles and, and role combinations used in the study.

<p>0, role not occupied; 1, role occupied.</p><p>Levels of perceived stress (PSS) for each of the seven roles and, and role combinations used in the study.</p

Results from univariate analyses for the survey group (SURVEY), biological group (BIO), and pooled group (POOLED).

<p>Note: P-values associated with Mann-Whitney U-Test comparing mean values for the survey and biological sampling group</p><p>^aAge Category 1 to 7 where 1 = 18–23 years, 2 = 24–29 years, 3 = 30–37 years, 4 = 38–44 years, 5 = 45–54 years, 6 = 55–64 years 7 = 65 years and over</p><p>^bEducation 1 to 5 where 1-high school, 2 = diploma from junior college or trade school, 3 = undergraduate university degree, 4 = masters degree, 5 = doctorate</p><p>^cCombined income 1 to 6 where 1 = <41K/year, 2 = 41–70K/year, 3 = 70–100K/year, 4 = 100–130K/year, 5 = 130–160K/year, 6 = over 160K/year</p><p>^dRoles—the number of roles a woman engages in (total possible roles 7)</p><p>^eLife Satisfaction 0 to 4 where 0 = never, 1 = almost never, 2 = sometimes, 3 = fairly often, 4 = very often</p><p>^fRole Satisfaction 0 to 4 where 0 = never, 1 = almost never, 2 = sometimes, 3 = fairly often, 4 = very often</p><p>^gPerceived Stress (PSS-10)—The higher the PSS-10 score, the more likely it is that the individual will perceive that environmental demands exceed their ability to cope [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0120952#pone.0120952.ref089" target="_blank">89</a>].</p><p>^hNetwork Size (SNI)—defined as the total number of people with whom the respondent has regular contact with (i.e. at least once every two weeks)[<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0120952#pone.0120952.ref062" target="_blank">62</a>]</p><p>ⁱNetwork Diversity (SNI)—defined as the number of social roles in which the respondent has regular contact with (i.e. at least once every two weeks) [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0120952#pone.0120952.ref062" target="_blank">62</a>].</p><p>^jSex Frequency—number of times per month</p><p>^kExercise Frequency—number of hours per week.</p><p>Results from univariate analyses for the survey group (SURVEY), biological group (BIO), and pooled group (POOLED).</p

Results from the multiple regression analysis of perceived psychological stress (PSS) and life satisfaction for the pooled group.

<p>Results from the multiple regression analysis of perceived psychological stress (PSS) and life satisfaction for the pooled group.</p

Cranial dimensions as estimators of body mass and locomotor habits in extant and fossil rodents

<p>Estimating body mass and locomotor habits of fossil rodents is challenging for taxa without available postcranial material. Although equations exist to estimate body mass from dental dimensions based on extant rodents, the applicability of such equations is doubtful given that modern rodents have evolved highly specialized teeth, whereas fossil taxa often exhibit a much less derived condition. For the present study, 11 cranial variables from a sample of 203 extant rodents of known body mass representing a range of taxonomic groups were assessed using reduced major axis (RMA) regression. The results show a strong correlation between body mass and each of the 11 cranial variables. The best estimators for body mass are skull length and cheek-tooth area, whereas the least reliable measures are palate length, and foramen magnum, as well as braincase and occipital condyle dimensions. We estimated body mass for specimens of five fossil Ischyromyidae rodents for which body mass had never been estimated (<i>Paramys copei, P. delicatus, Reithroparamys delicatissimus, Rapamys atramontis</i>, and <i>Ischyromys typus</i>). Principal components and canonical variates analyses based on 10 cranial dimensions for 103 members of Sciuromorpha demonstrate that a relationship exists between locomotor habits and cranial variables in this suborder. In these analyses, early ischyromyids are all placed in the terrestrial group with <i>Aplodontia, Marmota, Cynomys</i>, and <i>Spermophilus</i>. This contradicts previous hypotheses regarding early rodent locomotion, which suggested that they were arboreal or more generalized in their habits.</p> <p>SUPPLEMENTAL DATA—Supplemental materials are available for this article for free at www.tandfonline.com/UJVP</p> <p>Citation for this article: Bertrand, O. C., M. A. Schillaci, and M. T. Silcox. 2015. Cranial dimensions as estimators of body mass and locomotor habits in extant and fossil rodents. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. DOI: 10.1080/02724634.2015.1014905.</p

National Immunization Survey (NIS), sample sizes (N), estimated number of children 9–35 months of age, and annual estimates of coverage and national ranking for the 4∶3∶1∶3∶3 and 4∶3∶1∶3 series in New Mexico.

<p><b>SOURCE:</b> National Immunization Survey (see text).</p><p><b>NOTES:</b> ±95% Confidence intervals of immunization rates for the 4∶3∶1∶3∶3 and 4∶3∶1∶3 series are shown. N/A indicates not yet available.</p