Cuticle, fat body and hemolymph protein concentrations in <i>Osmia rufa</i>.

<p>Various lowercase letters indicate that the month averages differ significantly for comparisons made within each sex and tissue at P ≤ 0.05. The <i>asterisks</i> indicate significant differences (P ≤ 0.01) difference between sexes compared for the each month separately. The comparison was made separately within each of the tissue. Males were not found in June.</p

Phenoloxidase (PO) activities in the fat bodies and hemolymph in <i>Osmia rufa</i>.

<p>Various lowercase letters indicate that the month averages differ significantly for comparisons made within each sex and tissue at P ≤ 0.05. The <i>asterisks</i> indicate significant differences (P ≤ 0.01) difference between sexes compared for the each month separately. The comparison was made separately within each of the tissue. Males were not found in June.</p

Activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in the fat bodies and hemolymph in <i>Osmia rufa</i>.

<p>Various lowercase letters indicate that the month averages differ significantly for comparisons made within each sex and tissue at P ≤ 0.05. The <i>asterisks</i> indicate significant differences (P ≤ 0.01) difference between sexes compared for the each month separately. The comparison was made separately within each of the tissue. Males were not found in June.</p

Concentrations of non-enzymatic antioxidants in the fat bodies and hemolymph in <i>Osmia rufa</i>.

<p>Various lowercase letters indicate that the month averages differ significantly for comparisons made within each sex and tissue at P ≤ 0.05. The <i>asterisks</i> indicate significant differences (P ≤ 0.01) difference between sexes compared for the each month separately. The comparison was made separately within each of the tissue. Males were not found in June.</p

Levels of the total antioxidant potential (FRAP) in the fat bodies and hemolymph in <i>Osmia rufa</i>.

<p>Various lowercase letters indicate that the month averages differ significantly for comparisons made within each sex and tissue at P ≤ 0.05. The <i>asterisks</i> indicate significant differences (P ≤ 0.01) difference between sexes compared for the each month separately. The comparison was made separately within each of the tissue. Males were not found in June.</p

Activities of acidic, neutral and alkaline protease inhibitors on the cuticles and also in the fat bodies and hemolymph in <i>Osmia rufa</i>.

<p>Various lowercase letters indicate that the month averages differ significantly for comparisons made within each sex and tissue at P ≤ 0.05. The <i>asterisks</i> indicate significant differences (P ≤ 0.01) difference between sexes compared for the each month separately. The comparison was made separately within each of the tissue. Males were not found in June.</p

Activities of antioxidant enzymes in the fat bodies and hemolymph in <i>Osmia rufa</i>.

<p>Various lowercase letters indicate that the month averages differ significantly for comparisons made within each sex and tissue at P ≤ 0.05 The <i>asterisks</i> indicate significant differences (P ≤ 0.01) difference between sexes compared for the each month separately. The comparison was made separately within each of the tissue. Males were not found in June.</p

Glucose concentration in the fat bodies and hemolymph of <i>Osmia rufa</i>.

<p>Various lowercase letters indicate that the month averages differ significantly for comparisons made within each sex and tissue separately at P ≤ 0.05. The <i>asterisks</i> indicate significant differences (P ≤ 0.01) difference between sexes compared for the each month separately. The comparison was made separately within each of the tissue. Males were not found in June.</p

Average global DNA methylation levels (%) in <i>Osmia rufa</i>.

<p>Various lowercase letters indicate that the month averages differ significantly for comparisons made within each sex separately at P ≤ 0.05. The <i>asterisks</i> indicate significant differences (P ≤ 0.01) between the sexes made within each month separately. Males were not found in June.</p

Triglyceride concentration in the fat bodies and hemolymph in <i>Osmia rufa</i>.

<p>Various lowercase letters indicate that the month averages differ significantly for comparisons made within each sex and tissue at P ≤ 0.05. The <i>asterisks</i> indicate significant differences (P ≤ 0.01) difference between sexes compared for the each month separately. The comparison was made separately within each of the tissue. Males were not found in June.</p