„…z polska — po rosyjsku”, czyli o tym, jak Polacy używają ruszczyzny

This article is an attempt to reflect on Poles' attitude towards the Russian language. Its aim is to reconstruct various “Polish views of Russian” in their objective dimension (with no intention to evaluate or criticise). Three stereotypical pictures of the Russian language present in the Polish common consciousness recreated by the author are based on range of language material. The description of “the three pictures of Russian in the Polish head” (“Polish common knowledge about Russian”) indicates the instrumentality of this language, which occurs in three hypostases. For the first image it is the usual instrumentality of communication (rossicum is an addition and an excess of information within a Polish text), for the second image the instrumentality acquires unambiguously pragmatic features and the rossicum becomes an instrument of effective action, and for the third picture the instrumentality of Russian elements sets in motion the symbolic-cognitive (creating a sense) function of Russian in Polish text

Fatigue Life of Asphalt Pavements on Bridge Decks

AbstractPavement is one of the basic elements of a bridge structure. In Europe and Poland pavements for engineering objects are made in the asphalt technology. Requirements for ensuring the sustainability of the entire object also refer to pavement. Fatigue life is one of the parameter that must be satisfy but there is no requirements connected with it. It is directly related to the stresses and strains which occur in the pavement. Based on a state of art and using calculation results of software with finite element method (FEM) the strains in characteristic points of the bridge pavement were presented. Strains in pavements on the soil, concrete and steel deck were compared. One of the classic and one of the modern criteria for fatigue life were described. Calculation models for fatigue life of asphalt pavement does not classify separately bridge pavements. A typical technology and materials used in the bridge deck pavements were presented. Fatigue life of asphalt bridge pavements were estimated. The analysis of the results and evaluation of the adequacy of fatigue life models were made

O rusycyzmach w utworach Mariusza Wilka (rekonesans badawczy)

The article presents a survey of numerous Russian elements (lexemes and grammatical constructions) in the works of Mariusz Wilk in an attempt to provide their initial classification andinterpretation. Mariusz Wilk, a Polish writer who lives and works in the Russian North, constantly weaves Russicisms into the tissue of his erudite and intertextual statements, making his texts a linguistic experiment with specific textual features. Out of two works by Wilk (Wołoka, Lotem gęsi), more than 140 lexical units (of different status) have been excerpted and subjected to a multifarious analysis. Their typology is based on the concept of space, which is one of the key categories of geopoetics. The author of the article claims that the Russian material in the studied works cannot be treated merely as Russicims in their strict lexicological sense because these words perform specific functions in the texts, among which the communicative, artistic and conceptual functions are in the foreground. Russian segments belong to the most important ingredients of the writer’s idiolect (idiostyle) and, therefore, they should not be treated solely as a violation of the lexical norm. The postulated qualitative and quantitative analysis of Russicisms in Wilk’s works, as well as the assessment of their functional load, open up new possibilities of viewing Russian-Polish language contacts not only as mutual interactions, but above all as building blocks of the author’s message, intersemiotic in its nature.The article presents a survey of numerous Russian elements (lexemes and grammatical constructions) in the works of Mariusz Wilk in an attempt to provide their initial classification andinterpretation. Mariusz Wilk, a Polish writer who lives and works in the Russian North, constantly weaves Russicisms into the tissue of his erudite and intertextual statements, making his texts a linguistic experiment with specific textual features. Out of two works by Wilk (Wołoka, Lotem gęsi), more than 140 lexical units (of different status) have been excerpted and subjected to a multifarious analysis. Their typology is based on the concept of space, which is one of the key categories of geopoetics. The author of the article claims that the Russian material in the studied works cannot be treated merely as Russicims in their strict lexicological sense because these words perform specific functions in the texts, among which the communicative, artistic and conceptual functions are in the foreground. Russian segments belong to the most important ingredients of the writer’s idiolect (idiostyle) and, therefore, they should not be treated solely as a violation of the lexical norm. The postulated qualitative and quantitative analysis of Russicisms in Wilk’s works, as well as the assessment of their functional load, open up new possibilities of viewing Russian-Polish language contacts not only as mutual interactions, but above all as building blocks of the author’s message, intersemiotic in its nature

„Rossica” jako środek opisu i interpretacji życia politycznego we współczesnej Polsce

This article is an attempt to show the interesting way in which the Polish press describes and interprets contemporary political life in Poland by making various allusions (i.e. references) to history and participants in current political life in Russia

The internal thoracic artery in human foetuses

The aim of this study was to examine the internal thoracic artery (ITA) in human foetuses. The research material consisted of 32 human foetuses (18 female, 14 male) from the 21st to 24th week of intrauterine life. After intravascular injection with white latex LBS 3060, the foetuses were fixed in 10% neutral formalin solution. The whole course of the ITA was prepared. Photographic documentation was performed with a Nikon Coolpix 4500 digital camera, and source pictures of arteries were rendered in a Digital Computer System Analysis. The ITA was evaluated with regard to its origin, length, distance from the edge of the sternum to two intercostal spaces (2nd, 5th) and division into terminal branches. The right ITA (RITA) arose from the ascending (68.7%), arcuate (21.9%) and descending (3.2%) parts of the subclavian artery. In other cases (6.2%) it was a branch of the thyrocervical trunk. The left ITA (LITA) was a branch of the ascending (78.1%) and arcuate (21.9%) parts of the subclavian artery. The ITA was longer in male foetuses. Regardless of sex, the LITA was longer than the RITA. Coefficient correlation between the RITA and LITA was 0.92 (p < 0.001). The distance of the ITA from the edge of sternum in the 2nd and 5th intercostal spaces on both sides was greater in females. It appeared most frequently in the 6th space (43.7% right-sided and 56.3% left-sided). Typical bifurcation of the ITA into the superior epigastric artery and the musculophrenic artery was observed in 78.1% of cases on the right side and in 81.25% of cases on the left side

Przyjazne dla środowiska naturalnego rozwiązania materiałowo-technologiczne nawierzchni drogowych

In recent years road construction is a subject of dynamic changes. The main challenge for designers and technologists is to develop durable and environmental friendly road technologies that can be successfully applied on natural valuable areas. The paper presents selected modern material and technological solutions used for road pavements on areas under special protection (eg Natura 2000). An example of modern environmentally friendly solutions in road construction are: asphalt pavements with the addition of rubber from used car tires, asphalt mixtures with reduced emissions of volatile substances, “quiet” pavements, pavements from recycled materials and from local materials, “biologically active” pavements (permeable mineral layers). Modern and ecological pavements are the important part of science activity of Warsaw University of Technology. New ongoing project is designed to identify the main directions of technological development of road construction in the next 30 years, with a particular emphasis on the sustainable development and environmental protection. As a part of the two ongoing projects, test sections of pavement have been completed. One of test sections with the addition of crumb rubber and the second one as a “quiet” pavement. For the next years, the sections will be monitored.The proper selection of materials and technologies on natural valuable areas does not deteriorate the durability of road pavement, comfort and safety on the roads and at the same time it can improve environmental safety without interfering with the functioning of valuable ecosystems.Budownictwo drogowe podlega w ostatnich latach dynamicznym zmianom. Podstawowym dążeniem projektantów i technologów jest opracowanie trwałych i przyjaznych środowisku technologii drogowych, które z powodzeniem mogą być stosowane na obszarach przyrodniczo cennych. W artykule przedstawiono wybrane nowoczesne rozwiązania materiałowo-technologiczne stosowane do budowy nawierzchni na obszarach podlegających szczególnej ochronie (np. Natura 2000). Przykładem nowoczesnych proekologicznych rozwiązań technologicznych w budownictwie drogowym są: nawierzchnie asfaltowe z dodatkiem gumy ze zuży-tych opon samochodowych, nawierzchnie asfaltowe z mieszanek o obniżonej emisji substancji lotnych, „ciche” nawierzchnie, nawierzchnie z wykorzystaniem materiałów z recyklingu, nawierzchnie z materiałów lokalnych, nawierzchnie „biologicznie czynne” (przepuszczalne warstwy mineralne). W Politechnice Warszawskiej, od wielu lat realizowane są projekty badawcze dotyczące tematyki nowoczesnych i ekologicznych nawierzchni drogowych. Jednym z nich jest projekt mający na celu zidentyfikowanie głównych kierunków w jakich rozwijać się będzie technologia budowy dróg w perspektywie 30 lat, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem zasad zrównoważonego rozwoju i ochrony środowiska. W ramach realizowanych obecnie dwóch projektów, zostały wykonane odcinki doświadczalne nawierzchni z dodatkiem gumy oraz odcinki doświadczalne w technologiach ograniczających hałas, które poddawane będą wieloletniemu monitoringowi.Właściwy dobór materiałów i technologii drogowych na obszarach przyrodniczo cennych nie pogorszy trwałości nawierzchni, komfortu użytkowania i bezpieczeństwa na drogach a jednocześnie poprawi bezpieczeństwo ekologiczne, nie zakłócając funkcjonowania cennych ekosystemów

Flexible pavement rehabilitation with continuously reinforced concrete slab with HFRP bars - mechanistic analysis

Asphalt road pavements are subject to damage under the influence of loads from the traffic of vehicles and of the environmental factors. One of the ways to strengthen damaged flexible pavements is to apply a cement concrete overlay with continuous reinforcement. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the road structure with concrete overlay with continuous reinforcement HFRP composite bars, which is laid on the existing cracked asphalt layers of a typical flexible road of KR3 traffic category. In HFRP bars some of the basalt fibers have been replaced with carbon fibers with the addition of resin binders. This do the possibility of making concrete slabs with increased resistance for environmental aggression, with good mechanical properties, which is especially important in the case of road constructions. An analysis of fatigue life of the strengthened asphalt pavement with a concrete slab with continuous reinforcement of HFRP bars was carried out, implementing the mechanistic model of the pavement structure. The stress analysis in the structure under the action of static loading was determined by the Finite Element Method using the Abaqus/Standard program. The maximum value of stress caused by temperature gradient in the concrete slab was calculated from the Westergaard’s formula for infinite slab. It has been shown that strengthening the analyzed road pavement with a continuous reinforcement is a technology that ensures an increase in fatigue life and reinforcement with HFRP bars further increases durability due to the negative impact of environmental factors

Prognozowanie rozwoju technologii drogowych na podstawie metody delfickiej – wybrane zagadnienia

An objective of this research project is an analysis of development directions of new materials, technologies and pavement structures used in road industry, taking into account special environmental conditions and sustainable development rules. Results of&nbsp;the first round of conducted study based on the foresight method are described in this paper. Such results are helpful to provide support for making a long term strategy decisions by the government. Selected results and analysis in the scope of identification of the main research areas and hypothesis connected with developments of road technology are shown in this paper with a special focus on the construction of the durable pavements. It was found that the most important task is related to developments of the asphalt and cement pavements technology providing at least 30 years durability period. The construction of such pavements is possible only when high quality of work is provided and there is further road technology development as a result of the science and industry cooperation. &nbsp;Celem realizowanego projektu badawczego jest analiza kierunków rozwoju nowych materiałów, technologii i konstrukcji nawierzchni stosowanych w&nbsp;budownictwie drogowym z uwzględnieniem szczególnych uwarunkowań środowiskowych i zasad zrównoważonego rozwoju. W artykule przedstawiono wyniki pierwszej rundy badania eksperckiego w którym wykorzystano metodę foresightu. Badania studialne przydatne są w informowaniu decydentów politycznych oraz środowisk opiniotwórczych o&nbsp;pożądanych kierunkach długoterminowego rozwoju i zmian. W niniejszym artykule przedstawiono wybrane wyniki badań i analiz w zakresie identyfikacji głównych obszarów i tez badawczych związanych z prognozowanymi kierunkami rozwoju budownictwa drogowego. Omówiono zidentyfikowany obszar badawczy dotyczący technologii budowy trwałych nawierzchni drogowych w Polsce. Wykazano, że najważniejszym obecnie zadaniem w zakresie budowy nawierzchni drogowych jest prowadzenie prac nad rozwojem technologii asfaltowych i z betonu cementowego, które zapewnią co najmniej 30-letnią trwałość nowo budowanym nawierzchniom. Stwierdzono, że budowa trwałych nawierzchni drogowych jest możliwa tylko w przypadku zapewnienia wysokiej jakości wykonawstwa robót oraz rozwoju badań w&nbsp;ramach współpracy jednostek naukowych z&nbsp;szeroko pojętą gospodarką

PD-L1 Overexpression, SWI/SNF Complex Deregulation, and Profound Transcriptomic Changes Characterize Cancer-Dependent Exhaustion of Persistently Activated CD4+ T Cells

Growing tumors avoid recognition and destruction by the immune system. During continuous stimulation of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) by tumors, TILs become functionally exhausted; thus, they become unable to kill tumor cells and to produce certain cytokines and lose their ability to proliferate. This collectively results in the immune escape of cancer cells. Here, we show that breast cancer cells expressing PD-L1 can accelerate exhaustion of persistently activated human effector CD4+ T cells, manifesting in high PD-1 and PD-L1 expression level son T cell surfaces, decreased glucose metabolism genes, strong downregulation of SWI/SNF chromatin remodelingcomplex subunits, and p21 cell cycle inhibitor upregulation. This results in inhibition of T cell proliferation and reduction of T cell numbers. The RNAseq analysis on exhausted CD4+ T cells indicated strong overexpression of IDO1 and genes encoding pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Some interleukins were also detected in media from CD4+ T cells co-cultured with cancer cells. The PD-L1 overexpression was also observed in CD4+ T cells after co-cultivation with other cell lines overexpressing PD-L1, which suggested the existence of a general mechanism of CD4+ T cell exhaustion induced by cancer cells. The ChIP analysis on the PD-L1 promoter region indicated that the BRM recruitment in control CD4+ T cells was replaced by BRG1 and EZH2 in CD4+ T cells strongly exhausted by cancer cells. These findings suggest that epi-drugs such as EZH2 inhibitors may be used as immunomodulators in cancer treatment

Rossica as an Istrument of Political Conflict in Poland: Certain Profile of the Stereotype of Moscow in Polish Political Discourse

This article is an attempt to answer the question, in what way Rossica (various references to Russia and Soviet Union) are used as a tool of current political conflict in contemporary Poland and in what way and to what degree negative stereotype of Moscow was created in Polish right-wing political discourse. The research of Polish media proved that this stereotype is based on some components of denotative meaning of the toponym Moscow ‘the capital of Russia and former Soviet Union’ and the invariant of this meaning ‘the centre of Russian and (before) Soviet politics’. This stereotype is supported, on the one hand, by strong selfstereotype of a Pole as a “bearer” of freedom and civilisation of the West as opposed to Russian despotism and Asianism, and on the other hand − by politically pronounced anti- Russianism. In the author’s opinion, the source of such attitude is the broad paradigm of Polish − Russian relations. He believes that the reason for negative connotations and contexts of numerous usages of Rossica in Polish texts can also be explained in this dimension