19 research outputs found

    Improving urban infrastructures resilience using conceptual models: application of the “Behind the Barriers” model to the flooding of a rail transport system

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    International audienceThe vulnerability of guided transport systems facing natural hazards is a burning issue for the urban risks management. In this context, several conceptual models of resilience are elaborated for presenting the various possible resilience strategies applied to urban technical systems. One of this resilience conceptual model is the " Behind the Barriers " model based on the identification of four complementary types of resilience: (i) cognitive resilience; (ii) functional resilience; (iii) correlative resilience; (iv) organizational resilience. The purpose of this paper is to offer an application of this model to a specific urban technical system, a public guided transport system, facing a particular risk, a flood hazard. The paper is focused on a past incident on a French Intercity railway line impacted by a river flooding, in 2013. The level of resilience of this transportation line is assessed using the model both as an evaluation and action grid

    Résilience des systèmes urbains : proposition d'un cadre méthodologique pour répondre aux besoins des exploitants

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    International audienceIndépendamment de leurs spécificités géographiques, sociales ou économiques, toutes les villes font face à des risques de typologie différente et d'intensité variable. Malgré la diversité des risques il existe des traits communs essentiellement liés à la spécificité des territoires urbains fondamentalement marquées par leur complexité. Leur maîtrise et gestion soulèvent des interrogations théoriques liées à la compréhension des phénomènes et des défis opérationnels quant aux actions concrètes de mitigation à mettre en oeuvre. Parmi les éléments-clés de la maitrise des risques les infrastructures critiques particulièrement vulnérables sont des éléments essentiels au fonctionnement urbain.Les infrastructures critiques ont été analysées vis-à-vis de leurs fragilités, de leurs dépendances et de leurs services. La volonté de fiabilisation pour un fonctionnement en mode dégradé est un des résultats qui a amené à sécuriser et à protéger les éléments les plus fragiles. Du côté de la recherche urbaine se développe depuis les années 2000 le concept de résilience. La résilience peut se définir comme la capacité d'un système à absorber le changement, à persister au-delà d'une perturbation et à retrouver rapidement un niveau de service correspondant aux besoins. L'objectif de cette communication consiste à présenter une démarche méthodologique développée depuis une dizaine d'années dans le but de prendre en compte la complexité des systèmes d'infrastructures critiques urbaines dans un contexte de maîtrise et gestion des risques. Cette complexité est appréhendée sous l'angle de l'omniprésence des interdépendances, communément démontrées comme vecteur de propagation des perturbations. Notre démarche méthodologique a été appliquée à plusieurs systèmes urbains et a été testée dans le but d'y intégrer la complexité et de produire de la connaissance nécessaire à la formalisation de l'action en faveur de la gestion des risques

    Analysis of disruptions cascade effect within and between urban sociotechnical systems in a context of risks

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    The vulnerability of critical infrastructures facing hazards is a burning issue for urban risks management. In this context, developing methodologies for analysing the causes and consequences of critical infrastructures vulnerability appears necessary for improving the proper functioning of cities that strongly depend on such infrastructures. The critical infrastructures are complex socio-technical systems in which the components are particularly interdependent. Interdependencies also exist between critical infrastructures. All these interactions may imply many failures caused by cascade effect in a context of risks. After a review of existing methodologies for assessing the interdependencies within and between critical infrastructures, the paper develops a global methodology based on dependability methods in order to automatically produce the scenarios of failures caused by cascade effect within a rail transport system, as an example of critical infrastructures, facing a flood hazard, as an example of urban risks. The paper discusses the generalizability of the methodology to other critical infrastructures

    Enjeux de gestion des risques en milieu urbain relatifs aux projets d’infrastructures aériennes de transport : le cas du risque inondation

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    International audienceDesigning a technical system in urban areas requires to associate a set of stakes always more important in terms of type and number. The objective of this paper is to discuss specific stakes associated to the risk management which fall to public transport projects. The topic is focused on the transport systems positioned on overground level such as on viaducts, and focused on the flood risk. In this context, the discussion is the following: how is a project of system of overground transport system an opportunity to make a commitment towards the design of resilient system against natural risks? The paper highlights that using an inclusive-oriented approach focused on the stakes is necessary to make resilience as an operational concept.Résumé : Concevoir un système technique en milieu urbain exige d’associer un ensemble d’enjeux toujours plus important en nature et en nombre. L’objectif de cette communication est de discuter des enjeux spécifiques associés à la gestion des risques qui incombent aux projets de transport public. Le propos est centré sur les systèmes de transport positionnés sur des infrastructures aériennes telles que les viaducs, et ajusté au cas du risque inondation. Dans ce contexte, la problématique discutée est la suivante : de quelle manière un projet de système de transport aérien est-il une opportunité pour s’engager vers la conception de systèmes de transport résilient face aux risques naturels ? La communication s’attache alors à mettre en avant que c’est par une approche inclusive des risques érigés comme enjeux impératifs de projet que la résilience peut dépasser la simple réflexion

    Contributing to urban resilience to floods with neighbourhood design: the case of Am Sandtorkai/Dalmannkai in Hamburg

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    International audienceOn‐going changes in cities caused by rapid urbanisation and climate change have increased both the flood probability and the severity of flooding. Consequently, there is a need for all cities to adapt to climate and socio‐economic changes by developing new strategies for flood risk management. The following risk paradigm shifts from traditional to more integrated approaches, since one of the main emerging tasks for city managers is the development of resilient cities. The concept of resilience is becoming more and more important, despite the many challenges that interfere with its implementation. The goal of this research is to create knowledge on how to operationalise flood resilience at the neighbourhood level through neighbourhood design. A research approach was used and a qualitative analysis tool, the DS3 model, was developed in order to study a particular neighbourhood of HafenCity, in Hamburg. Results show that design measures involving transportation infrastructure, land use (open public spaces) and buildings have been the main contributions to the flood resilience of the neighbourhood

    Resilience of guided transport systems against natural risks

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    International audienceThe vulnerability of guided transport systems exposed to natural disasters is demonstrated in particular through the part of incidents on international railway networks due to intense weather conditions. Moreover, in the future, the frequencies of natural hazards will likely be intensified by climate change, increasing the consequences on transport systems and thus on railway mobility. The concept of resilience brings a new way of analyzing the impacts of natural risks on technical systems according to a systematic approach. Resilience can be defined as the capacity, for a system, to absorb changes and to persist beyond a disturbance. This approach offers the opportunity to investigate the complex interactions between a transport system and a natural hazard by analyzing the failures caused by cascade effect within the system. All these failures can be determined by using a combination of dependability and safety methods: the functional analysis, the failure mode and effects analysis and the event tree analysis. This methodology allows to build a tool based on the identification of the scenarios of successive failures that allows to assess related costs and repair times. The Prague subway flooding in 2002 is considered as a case study application of this tool
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