Modes of entry of petroleum distilled spray-oils into insects: a review

Petroleum oils are some of the oldest and safest pesticides in use. In spite of the numerous improvements achieved in oil technology, the mode of entry and the insecticide action mechanism of these products have been the subject of considerable debate and conjecture over many years. The literature reviewed suggests that insecticide oils can penetrate the insect body through the integument as well as through the tracheal system. Suffocation by spiracle blockage was held as the most accepted theory on its mode of action. However, an in depth analysis of the interaction between oils and insects body surface from a physical perspective suggests that suffocation occurs only when insects are over-sprayed or dipped in oil. Based on this analysis, it is more likely that when petroleum oils contact the insect surface, capillary forces and complex physical interactions take place in the cuticular layer, which lead to differences in the melting point and permeability of cuticle waxes. This in turn, alters the waterproofing properties of the cuticle and also leads to penetration of spray oils that can be carried to different lipophilic tissues. The changes in the cuticle caused by oils, which range from changes in melting point of the cuticular wax layer to cuticle dewaxing, strongly suggest cuticular penetration as the foremost mode of entry of insecticide oils.Fil: Stadler, Teodoro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo; ArgentinaFil: Buteler, Micaela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo; Argentin

A review on the mode of action and current use of petroleum distilled spray oils

Oils have a long history of effective use on fruit trees, with a good performance for pests small in size and restricted to a small area during its lifecycle. They are particularly effective against insects from the orders Lepidoptera and Hemiptera, as well as the non insect arthropods Acari. The action mechanisms identified as well the factors influencing the efficacy of these products on different insect species are discussed. Oils target multiple sites given that their toxicity is mainly due to narcosis, depending on the interaction between their properties with the insect characteristics. Their toxic effects include disruption of cuticle wax layer, cuticle softening, epidermal teratogenicity, tracheal blockage, receptor coating, deterrence and neurotoxicity, upon contact. A summary of database records indicates that petroleum distilled spray oils (PDSOs) are as current today as mineral oils were before the advent of broad spectrum insecticides. Future research should explore structure-toxicity relationships for each oil type, and standardize assessment methodology and experimental design to allow comparable results across insect taxa and oil types as well as providing a guide of recommended practices for PDSOs use against different pests.Fil: Buteler, Micaela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo; ArgentinaFil: Stadler, Teodoro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo; Argentin

¿Qué es la contaminación por plástico y por qué nos afecta a todos?

Se producen millones de toneladas de plástico anualmente y la mayoría se desecha en vertederos y termina contaminando ríos y océanos. ¿Cuáles son los efectos nocivos de esta basura plástica para el ambiente y la salud?Fil: Buteler, Micaela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universidad Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; Argentin

Plant odors trigger clearing behavior in foraging trails: do they represent olfactory obstacles?

Foraging trails of leaf-cutting ants may be exposed to plant material that interferes with foragers’ flux either by physically blocking it or due to secondary metabolites which affect insect behavior. We hypothesized that plant secondary metabolites such as plant volatiles may interfere with pheromone communication, triggering clearing behavior. We impregnated small pieces of paper with different plant odors from native and exotic species and placed them in the middle of foraging trails of the leaf-cutting ant Acromyrmex lobicornis. As a control, we used papers impregnated with trail odor. The paper used as substrate for the odors did not constitute a physical obstacle based on its small surface area. Papers treated with trail odor did not interfere with ant flux and were not removed from the trail. However, when papers were treated with plant odors, they were removed from the trail in most of the cases and ant flux was reduced significantly by 15–28%. We found that ants tapped the tip of their gaster against the ground around the treated papers only when they were impregnated with foreign odors. The number of gaster tappings as well as the time between the placement of the paper and its removal increased with plant odor concentration. However, the decision to remove the paper was not correlated with the number of gaster tappings. Interestingly, clearer ants were smaller than forager ants, suggesting there is morphological differentiation in clearing behavior of the trail. Results from the current study also suggest that odors trigger clearing behavior on foraging trails and affect trail marking behavior. Our results provide information about the potential for plant compounds to constitute obstacles, even when they do not physically obstruct the trail. We conclude that odors may trigger clearing behavior by interfering with pheromone communication.Fil: Alma, Andrea Marina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universidad Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; ArgentinaFil: Buteler, Micaela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universidad Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; Argentin

Testing the insecticidal activity of nanostructured alumina on sitophilus oryzae (L.) (coleoptera: Curculionidae) under laboratory conditions using galvanized steel containers

Most stored-grain pest insects increase their population within a relatively short time, causing serious damage to stored products. Sitophilus oryzae (L.) is one of the world’s major stored-grain pest insects and was chosen as the model insect for our studies. This study compared the efficacy of three different dusts under laboratory conditions: aluminum dust (nanostructured alumina), DiatomiD®, and Protect-It® (commercial diatomaceous earth). Parental survival, grain damage, and progeny production were measured at 250 and 500 ppm in treated wheat. The tests were conducted in 400 mL galvanized steel jars, an experimental model used for the first time to measure the effectiveness of nanostructured alumina, since most studies have been typically performed in small petri dishes. Parental survival obtained was highest in the untreated controls, followed in decreasing order by DiatomiD®, Protect-It®, and nanostructured alumina (NSA). NSA caused the greatest mortality. All treatments significantly reduced grain weight loss and frass production in wheat infested by S. oryzae. The degree of progeny (F1) suppression was directly related to the product and treatment rate, progeny being significantly suppressed by NSA in wheat followed by Protect-It® and DiatomiD®. Therefore, NSA had a greater impact on insect population dynamics.Fil: López García, Guillermo Pablo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de las Zonas Áridas. Provincia de Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de las Zonas Áridas. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de las Zonas Áridas; ArgentinaFil: Buteler, Micaela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universidad Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; ArgentinaFil: Stadler, Teodoro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo; Argentin

Effects of Dietary Intake of Volcanic ash from Puyehue Cordon Caulle on Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) Larvae under Laboratory Conditions

El complejo volcánico Puyehue-Cordón Caulle entró en erupción en 2011 y afectó la región Patagónica Argentina. El efecto insecticida de la ceniza volcánica, así como el de otros polvos inertes, se ha demostrado que ocurre por exposición por contacto, perturbando el balance hídrico en los insectos. Sin embargo, poco se ha estudiado sobre los efectos subletales de cenizas volcánicas o polvos inertes sobre coleópteros mediante la exposición alimentaria crónica. El objetivo principal del estudio fue obtener una mayor comprensión del impacto del vulcanismo sobre las larvas de tenebriónidos mediante el estudio de la exposición alimentaria crónica a ceniza volcánica en bioensayos de laboratorio. Para este propósito, se utilizó a Tenebrio molitor L. (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) como organismo modelo experimental dado que es una plaga de granos almacenados. Las larvas fueron alimentadas con discos de harina preparados con ceniza volcánica a 500, 1,000, 5,000, 30,000, y 50,000 ppm. Se descubrió que la exposición alimentaria crónica de ceniza volcánica en larvas de Tenebrio molitor fue dosis-dependiente con efectos visibles después de una exposición a largo plazo (15 y 27 días). La mortalidad fue observada en dos de las concentraciones altas testeadas (30,000 y 50,000 ppm). A bajas concentraciones (500, 1,000, y 5,000 ppm), efectos sub-letales como la disminución del tamaño larval, pérdida de peso y reducción en el número de mudas fueron registrados. Por lo tanto, puede concluirse que la exposición alimentaria crónica a ceniza volcánica causa efectos adversos sobre las larvas de T. molitor, que conducen a mortalidad a altas concentraciones y a una disminución en el tamaño de las larvas a concentraciones sub-letales.The Puyehue Cordon Caulle volcanic outbreak from 2011 affected the Patagonian Region of Argentina. The insecticidal effect of volcanic ash, as well as other inert dusts, has been proven to occur by contact exposure, disturbing the water balance in insects. However, little has been studied on sublethal effects of volcanic ash or inert dusts on coleopterans through chronic dietary intake. The aim of this study was to gain further understanding on the impact of volcanism on tenebrionid larvae by studying the chronic dietary exposure of volcanic ash in laboratory bioassays. For this purpose, Tenebrio molitor L. (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), an insect pest of stored grain, was used as an experimental model organism. Larvae were fed with flour discs prepared with volcanic ash at 500, 1,000, 5,000, 30,000, and 50,000 ppm. Chronic dietary intake of volcanic ash was dose-dependent, with effects visible after long-term exposure (15 and 27 d). Mortality was observed at the two highest concentrations tested (30,000 and 50,000 ppm). At the lower concentrations (500, 1,000, and 5,000 ppm), sub-lethal effects were observed, including larval size decrease, weight loss, and reduction in the number of molts. Thus, chronic dietary intake of volcanic ash causes adverse effects on T. molitor larvae that leads to mortality at high concentrations and decrease of larval size at sub-lethal concentrations.Fil: López García, Guillermo Pablo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo; ArgentinaFil: Buteler, Micaela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universidad Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; ArgentinaFil: Stadler, Teodoro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo; Argentin

Particulate Nanoinsecticides: A New Concept in Insect Pest Management

Nanostructured alumina (NSA) has insecticidal properties and has been demonstrated to be effective against stored product insect pests in laboratory bioassays. NSA is a nano-engineered material synthesized by oxidation of metals, and resulting particles show fixed electric charges. On the other hand, insects exhibit their own electric charges generated by triboelectrification. We propose that the mechanism of action of NSA involves two steps occurring in sequential order. First, a strong electrical binding between negatively charged NSA particles and positively charged insect. Next, dehydration of the insect occurs due to the strong sorbtive action of the NSA particles that remove the insect cuticular, leading to death by dehydration. As postulated for insecticidal inert powder in generals, particles attach to the insect cuticle surface disrupting water balance, and effectiveness decreases as ambient humidity increases, given that electrostatic bond forces are reduced by electrostatic discharge. The high insecticidal efficacy of NSA is a result of its intrinsic electric charge, small particle size and high sorptive potential due to its large specific surface area. NSA could provide an alternative to conventional synthetic organic insecticides due to its strong insecticidal properties with the advantage that its mechanism of action involves physical and electrostatic phenomena

Identification of a novel plant-derived attractant for Acromyrmex lobicornis leaf-cutting ants

Leaf-cutting ants are considered major pests of agriculture and forestry in the Neotropics. Attractive toxic baits are the prevailing method for managing them. Thus, there is great interest in identifying attractants to incorporate into these baits. Moreover, leaf-cutting ants can avoid toxic baits by associating the attractant with the toxin. We evaluated attractiveness of heptyl butyrate, a volatile compound found in fresh apples and plums. We conducted field experiments with ten colonies of Acromyrmex lobicornis. First, we evaluated the behaviour of ants exposed to heptyl butyrate at 1% by surrounding resources. Then, we compared the attractiveness of heptyl butyrate and orange pulp, the most commonly used attractant. Finally, we evaluated whether heptyl butyrate increases the attractiveness of a carbohydrate resource at varying doses. Heptyl butyrate at 1% attracted 92% more ants than the control and that it was as attractive as orange pulp. Heptyl butyrate paired with sucrose at concentrations of 0.001 and 0.1% was more attractive than sucrose alone, but greater concentrations did not increase sucrose’s attractiveness. Therefore, heptyl butyrate could be added to toxic baits to manage A. lobicornis as it is as attractive as the most commonly used attractant and can be applied directly to the pellets.Fil: Alma, Andrea Marina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universidad Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; ArgentinaFil: Fernández, Patricia C.. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Buenos Aires Norte. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Delta del Paraná; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Departamento de Biología Aplicada y Alimentos. Cátedra de Química de Biomoléculas; ArgentinaFil: Perri, Daiana Vanesa. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Departamento de Biología Aplicada y Alimentos. Cátedra de Química de Biomoléculas; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Buteler, Micaela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universidad Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; Argentin

Susceptibility to endosulphan and resistance monitoring in «green stinkbug» populations, Piezodorus guildinii (Insecta, Heteroptera: Pentatomidae), in soya crops in Argentina

Se determinó la susceptibilidad a endosulfan en diferentes poblaciones de P. guildinii (Westwood), que afectan los cultivos de soja en las provincias argentinas de Santiago del Estero, Chaco y Santa Fe. Se estableció su estatus de susceptibilidad actual para todas las poblaciones estudiadas, y se monitoreó la resistencia a endosulfan en una población de P. guildinii , de Santiago del Estero desde 2002 a 2005, para detectar los cambios en la respuesta al insecticida, con la finalidad de alertar acerca de posibles fallas de control. Los insectos fueron colectados en plantaciones de soja en las localidades de Oliveros, Reconquista, San Justo, Bandera y Coronel Du Graty. Los bioensayos se desarrollaron en laboratorio por el método del tópico, en el marco de los protocolos de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. El estatus de susceptibilidad actual a endosulfan, en las poblaciones de P. guildinii estudiadas fue de: DL95 = 0,680μg/μL [0,489-1,338] a 2,277μg/μL [1,526-5,418]. De los resultados de los bioensayos se desprende que las poblaciones estudiadas, muy distantes geográficamente unas de otras, muestran algunas diferencias en su tolerancia a endosulfan (capacidad de detoxificación), exhibiendo, además, un incremento gradual de la misma desde la zona sur de Sta. Fe (Oliveros) hacia el norte (Bandera - Chaco), que probablemente se relaciona con los factores ambientales propios de cada región, y se pueden deber también a procesos toxicodínámicos o toxicocinéticos. La población de P. guildinii de Coronel Du Graty (Santiago del Estero) monitoreada desde 2002 a 2005, no mostró un incremento de tolerancia al endosulfan a lo largo del tiempo, que sugiera la presencia de fenómenos de resistencia. Factores poblacionales y ambientales son corresponsables de las variaciones temporales y espaciales de la susceptibilidad de una población a un biocida, esto hace que los límites entre la plasticidad fenotípica y las diferencias en la susceptibilidad a xenobióticos con base genética, resulten difusos. Dentro del área de cultivo de la soja en la Argentina , que abarca regiones con importantes diferencias climáticas y florísticas, la plasticidad fenotípica que muestran diferentes poblaciones de P. guildinii , no debe ser omitida, distinguiendo los cambios de susceptibilidad a insecticidas relacionados con la plasticidad, de aquellos de origen genético. Comprender los mecanismos responsables de cambios en la susceptibilidad a xenobióticos, permitirá discernir entre los efectos de la plasticidad fenotípica y de los cambios genéticos, esto llevará a seleccionar las medidas adecuadas para el control de poblaciones de insectos plaga. La información acerca del estatus actual de susceptibilidad a endosulfan, obtenida a través del presente estudio, resultará de utilidad para el monitoreo de resistencia así como para el diagnóstico de fallas en el control de esta plaga.The susceptibility status to endosulphan of different populations of P. guildinii (Westwood) that affect soybean crops in the Argentinean provinces of Santiago del Estero, Chaco and Santa Fe was determined. Also, to detect possible changes in P. guildinii response to the insecticide, resistance was monitored in a population of P. guildinii from Santiago del Estero from 2002 to 2005. Insects were collected from soybean fields in five localities, Oliveros, Reconquista, San Justo, Bandera and Coronel Du Graty. Topical bioassays were conducted in the laboratory, in the framework of standard World Health Organization test methods. The status of the susceptibility of the P. guildinii populations was: DL95 = 0,680μg/μL [0,489- 1,338] to 2,277μg/μL [1,526-5,418]. The results obtained suggest that the populations studied, which are geographically distant, show differences in their tolerance to endosulphan (detoxifying capabilities) that could be related to environmental factors and linked to any toxicocinetic or toxicodynamic processes. P. guildini populations studied show a trend towards increased tolerance to endosulphan from southern Santa Fe (Oliveros) to northern populations from Bandera (Chaco) that is probably related to environmental factors characteristic of each region. The population of P. guildinii monitored from 2002 to 2005 did not show an increase in tolerance to endosulphan with time. Population and environmental factors are both responsible for the temporal and spatial variations of susceptibility of a population to a biocide, making it hard to distinguish between phenotypic plasticity and susceptibility changes with a genetic basis. The soybean growing area in Argentina occupies a region with a huge range of climatic conditions and flora. In such a varied environment, phenotypic plasticity expressed by different P. guildinii should not be omitted, and should be differentiated from changes in susceptibility caused by genetic differences. Understanding the underlying mechanisms responsible for changes in susceptibility to pesticides, will allow us to distinguish between the effects of phenotypic plasticity and genetic changes and in turn this will aid in the selection of the appropriate measures for insect pest control. The susceptibility data on endosulphan obtained in this study will be useful for insecticide resistance monitoring and control failure diagnosis.Fil: Stadler, Teodoro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Regional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas. Laboratorio de Investigaciones y Servicios Ambientales Mendoza; ArgentinaFil: Buteler, Micaela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Regional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas. Laboratorio de Investigaciones y Servicios Ambientales Mendoza; Argentina. State University of Montana. Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences; Estados UnidosFil: Ferrero, Adriana Alicia. Universidad Nacional del Sur; Argentin

Actividad insecticida de la ceniza volcánica en un insecto plaga, Sitophilus oryzae L. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) bajo condiciones de laboratorio

This study assessed the acute toxicity and repellence as well as feeding deterrence effect of volcanic ash (VA) on Sitophilus oryzae adults under laboratory conditions. VA resulted in significant adult mortality of S. oryzae. Acute toxicity of the VA was similar to that of commercially available diatomaceous earth DiatomiD® demonstrating its insecticidal potential. Median lethal concentration values (LC50) obtained were 1610 [1449, 1778] mg/kg for VA and 1046 [916, 1168] mg/kg for DiatomiD®.Similarly to other inert dusts, VA particle size shows a bi-modal distribution and porosity which increases its surface area. Among the smallest particles, the highest volumetric loading was close to 5 µm with a distribution of smaller particles peaking at 0.5µm. Results indicate that VA is not repellent to S. oryzae. An “engagement” response or increased interaction of the insects with the VA treated surface was observed. However, feeding deterrence indices showed that both VA and diatomaceous earth had strong feeding deterrent action. Contact of insects with VA may lead to mortality by adherence of the VA particles to the insect cuticle. However, insects prefer feeding on sites without VA covered substrates and this could have a positive impact on its use for pest management.En este estudio se evaluó la toxicidad aguda, repelencia y fagodisuación alimenticia de las cenizas volcánicas (VA) en adultos de Sitophilus oryzae y en condiciones de laboratorio. VA causó mortalidad significativa de S. oryzae. Su toxicidad aguda fue similar a la de la tierra de diatomeas comercial DiatomiD ® demostrando su potencial como producto insecticida. Los valores de concentración letal media (CL50) obtenidos fueron de 1610 [1449, 1778] mg/kg para VA y 1046 [916, 1168] mg/kg para DiatomiD ®. De manera similar a otros polvos inertes, la distribución del tamaño de partícula de VA es bi-modal con una porosidad que aumenta su área de superficie. Entre las partículas más pequeñas, la más alta carga volumétrica estaba cerca de 5 µm con una distribución de partículas más pequeñas alcanzando un máximo de 0,5 µm. Los resultados indican que la VA no es repelente para S. oryzae. De hecho, se observó una respuesta de “acoplamiento” o aumento de la interacción de los insectos con la superficie tratada con VA. Sin embargo, los índices de fagodisuasión alimenticia mostraron que tanto la tierra de diatomeas como la VA tuvieron una fuerte acción disuasiva de la alimentación. Los resultados sugieren que los insectos se pondrán en contacto con el polvo de una superficie tratada con VA dado que no hay repelencia, conduciendo a la mortalidad de los mismos por la adhesión de las partículas de VA a la cutícula. Sin embargo, los insectos prefieren alimentarse en sitios sin VA y esto podría tener un impacto positivo en su uso para el manejo de insectos.Fil: Buteler, Micaela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigación En Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche. Laboratorio de Ecotono; ArgentinaFil: López García, Guillermo Pablo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Mendoza. Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo; ArgentinaFil: Pochettino, Arístides Angel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Mendoza. Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo; ArgentinaFil: Stefanazzi, Natalia. Universidad Nacional del Sur; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Ferrero, Adriana Alicia. Universidad Nacional del Sur; ArgentinaFil: Stadler, Teodoro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Mendoza. Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo; Argentin