The Effect of Hypoxic Preconditioning on Induced Schwann Cells under Hypoxic Conditions - Table 3

<p>Value are mean±SD</p><p>*P<0.05, compare with the conventional oxygen group</p><p># P<0.05, compare with the hypoixia oxygen group</p><p>The Effect of Hypoxic Preconditioning on Induced Schwann Cells under Hypoxic Conditions - Table 3 </p

Images from the hypoxia-preconditioning group reveal cell swelling, no obvious cell membrane disintegration, no obvious swelling of mitochondria, mitochondrial cristae with clear and complete structures, Rough endoplasmic reticulum is not dilated, partial nucleolus shrinkage, nuclear membrane integrity.

<p>M: mitochondria RER:rough endoplasmic reticulum N:nucleolus, nm: nuclear membrane, cm: cell membrane.</p

The Effect of Hypoxic Preconditioning on Induced Schwann Cells under Hypoxic Conditions

<div><p>Object</p><p>Our objective was to explore the protective effects of hypoxic preconditioning on induced Schwann cells exposed to an environment with low concentrations of oxygen. It has been observed that hypoxic preconditioning of induced Schwann cells can promote axonal regeneration under low oxygen conditions.</p><p>Method</p><p>Rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were differentiated into Schwann cells and divided into a normal oxygen control group, a hypoxia-preconditioning group and a hypoxia group. The ultrastructure of each of these groups of cells was observed by electron microscopy. In addition, flow cytometry was used to measure changes in mitochondrial membrane potential. Annexin V-FITC/PI staining was used to detect apoptosis, and Western blots were used to detect the expression of Bcl-2/Bax. Fluorescence microscopic observations of axonal growth in NG-108 cells under hypoxic conditions were also performed.</p><p>Results</p><p>The hypoxia-preconditioning group maintained mitochondrial cell membrane and crista integrity, and these cells exhibited less edema than the hypoxia group. In addition, the cells in the hypoxia-preconditioning group were found to be in early stages of apoptosis, whereas cells from the hypoxia group were in the later stages of apoptosis. The hypoxia-preconditioning group also had higher levels of Bcl-2/Bax expression and longer NG-108 cell axons than were observed in the hypoxia group.</p><p>Conclusion</p><p>Hypoxic preconditioning can improve the physiological state of Schwann cells in a severe hypoxia environment and improve the ability to promote neurite outgrowth.</p></div

The figure represent the apoptosis rate potential of induced Schwann cells in different groups.

<p>There were four quadrants. The high-left quadrant represent the necrosis cells, the low-left quadrant represent the normal cells, the high-right quadrant represent the cells at early stages, and the low-right quadrant represent the cells at late stages. In the conventional oxygen group, most of the induced Schwann cells were not apoptosis or necrosis, the figure showed most of them located in the low-left quadrant.While In the hypoxia-preconditioning group, most cells were in the high-right quadrant,and In the hypoxia group, most cells were in the high-right quadrant. It showed that most cells in hypoxia-preconditioning group were at early stage of apoptosis and most cells in hypoxia group were at late stage of apoptosis.</p

The figure represent the mitochondrial membrane potential of induced Schwann cells in different groups.

<p>The points located in the upper-right quadrant represent the number of induced Schwann cells whose mitochondrial membrane potential is not declined. In conventional oxygen group, 94.1±0.2% of the tested induced Schwann cells were in the upper-right quadrant, the hypoxia-preconditioning group, 90.1±0.1% of the tested induced Schwann cells were in the upper-right quadrant, the hypoxia group, 80.6±0.6% of the tested induced Schwann cells were in the upper-right quadrant. The conventional oxygen group had highest ratio of induced Schwann cells whose mitochondrial membrane potential is not declined, and the hypoxia group had lowest ratio of induced Schwann cells whose mitochondrial membrane potential is not declined.</p

Images from the conventional oxygen group show no cell edema and good cell membrane integrity.

<p>Rough endoplasmic reticulum is not dilated, visibly intact mitochondrial membranes, and mitochondria with clear cristae and without swelling and fracturing, the nucleolus is not shrinkage, nuclear membrane integrity. M: mitochondria RER:rough endoplasmic reticulum N:nucleolus, nm: nuclear membrane, cm: cell membrane.</p

The figure represent the extent of the neurite outgrowth in NG-108 cells in different groups.

<p>The figure showed that the NG-108cells in hypoxia-preconditioning group had the longest neurite outgrowth, and the NG-108cells in hypoxia group had the shortest neurite outgrowth. the different among the three group were significant.</p

Bax and Bcl-2 expression using Western blot analysis.

<p>The figure showed that the hypoxia-preconditioning group had the higher expression of Bax than that in conventional oxygen group,the different was significant,but the different between the hypoxia-preconditioning group and hypoxia group or between the conventional oxygen group and hypoxia group were not significant.While the hypoxia-preconditioning group had the highst expression of Bcl-2, and the hypoxia group had the lowest expression of Bcl-2, the different among the three group were significant. Due to the ratio of Bcl-2/bax, the hypoxia-preconditioning group had the highst expression of Bcl-2/bax, and the hypoxia group had the lowest expression of Bcl-2/bax, the different among the three group were significant.</p

a. Positive expression of S-100 in induced Schwann cells. b. Positive expression of GFAP in induced Schwann cells.

<p>a. Positive expression of S-100 in induced Schwann cells. b. Positive expression of GFAP in induced Schwann cells.</p

Ultrastable Dendrite-Free Potassium Metal Batteries Enabled by Weakly-Solvated Electrolyte

Potassium (K) metal is considered one of the most promising anodes for potassium metal batteries (PMBs) because of its abundant and low-cost advantages but suffers from serious dendritic growth and parasitic reactions, resulting in poor cyclability, low Coulombic efficiency (CE), and safety concerns. In this work, we report a localized high-concentration electrolyte (LHCE) consisting of potassium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (KFSI) in a cosolvent of 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME) and 1,1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl-2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropyl ether (TTE) to solve the problems of PMBs. TTE as a diluent not only endows LHCE with advantages of low viscosity, good wettability, and improved conductivity but also solves the dendrite problem pertaining to K metal anodes. Using the formulation of LHCE, a CE of 98% during 800 cycles in the K||Cu cell and extremely stable cycling of over 2000 h in the K||K symmetric cell are achieved at a current density of 0.1 mA cm–2. In addition, the LHCE shows good compatibility with a Prussian Blue cathode, allowing almost 99% CE for the K||KFeIIFeIII(CN)6 full cell during 100 cycles. This promising electrolyte design realizes high-safety and energy-dense PMBs