Implications of multiply-charged anomalous cosmic rays

During the acceleration of anomalous cosmic rays (ACRs) some singly-charged ions are stripped of additional electrons. The resulting multiply-charged ions are accelerated more efficiently, and most ACRs with >=30 MeV/nuc are multiply-charged. This paper considers some implications of multiply-charged ACRs, including limits that they place on the time scales for ACR acceleration and transport, and their use in defining the cutoff in the accelerated ACR spectrum. Possible causes of the spectral cutoff in three ACR acceleration models are discussed

New views of solar energetic particles from the Advanced Composition Explorer

Since its launch in August 1997, the Advanced Composition Explorer has been measuring the elemental, isotopic, and ionic charge-state composition of solar energetic particles with three new, high-resolution instruments (SEPICA, SIS, and ULEIS). These studies span the energy range from ~20 keV/nucleon to >100 MeV/nucleon, and include elements from He to Ni (2≤Z≤28). This paper reviews early highlights of these investigations and discusses the implications for theories of the origin, acceleration, and transport of solar energetic particles

Elemental composition and energy spectra of galactic cosmic rays

A brief review is presented of the major features of the elemental composition and energy spectra of galactic cosmic rays. The requirements for phenomenological models of cosmic ray composition and energy spectra are discussed, and possible improvements to an existing model are suggested

Cosmic ray He-3 measurements

The rare isotopes H-2 and He-3 in cosmic rays are believed to be of secondary origin produced by nuclear interactions of primary H-1 and He-4 with the interstellar medium. There has recently been renewed interest in these isotopes as a result of indications from high energy antiproton, positron, and He-3 observations that the origin of some primary H and He nuclei may differ from that of heavier cosmic rays. A new observation of low energy He-3 is examined. Previously reported He-3 and He-4 measurements at both low and high energies are examined and compared with calculations of the expected He-3 and He-4 ratio at 1 AU. No evidence for an excess of low energy He-3 such as that reported at high energies was found

Simulation of Charge-Equilibration and Acceleration of Solar Energetic Ions

Recent measurements of the mean ionic charge states of solar energetic iron and silicon by SAMPEX and ACE during the large solar events of 1992 November 1 and 1997 November 6 show a mean ionic charge that increases with energy. This feature has implications for the use of the observed charge state as a probe of the coronal electron temperature and density, as well as for models of ion acceleration and transport in the coronal plasma. In this paper, we show results of a nonequilibrium model for the mean ionic charge that includes shock-induced acceleration in addition to charge-changing processes. The model is able to reproduce the general features observed without, however, specifying uniquely the acceleration time and the plasma electron density. Based on our simulations for iron and silicon for the 1992 and 1997 events, and assuming a characteristic shock-acceleration time of ~10 sec, our model suggests an equilibration-acceleration site at heights ~1 solar radius above the solar surface, a density ~10^9 cm^(–3), and an electron temperature ~1–1.33 MK. For ions with kinetic energy ≳ 30 MeV/nucleon we estimate the amount of coronal material the ions traverse to be ~100 µg/cm^2

Near-Earth Supernova Explosions: Evidence, Implications, and Opportunities

There is now solid experimental evidence of at least one supernova explosion within 100 pc of Earth within the last few million years, from measurements of the short-lived isotope ⁶⁰Fe in widespread deep-ocean samples, as well as in the lunar regolith and cosmic rays. This is the first established example of a specific dated astrophysical event outside the Solar System having a measurable impact on the Earth, offering new probes of stellar evolution, nuclear astrophysics, the astrophysics of the solar neighborhood, cosmic-ray sources and acceleration, multi-messenger astronomy, and astrobiology. Interdisciplinary connections reach broadly to include heliophysics, geology, and evolutionary biology. Objectives for the future include pinning down the nature and location of the established near-Earth supernova explosions, seeking evidence for others, and searching for other short-lived isotopes such as ²⁶Al and ²⁴⁴Pu. The unique information provided by geological and lunar detections of radioactive ⁶⁰Fe to assess nearby supernova explosions make now a compelling time for the astronomy community to advocate for supporting multi-disciplinary, cross-cutting research programs

Effects of interplanetary transport on derived energetic particle source strengths

We study the transport of solar energetic particles (SEPs) in the inner heliosphere in order to relate observations made by an observer at 1 AU to the number and total energy content of accelerated particles at the source, assumed to be near the Sun. We use a numerical simulation that integrates the trajectories of a large number of individual particles moving in the interplanetary magnetic field. We model pitch angle scattering and adiabatic cooling of energetic ions with energies from 50 keV nucleon^(−1) to 100 MeV nucleon^(−1). Among other things, we determine the number of times that particles of a given energy cross 1 AU and the average energy loss that they suffer because of adiabatic deceleration in the solar wind. We use a number of different forms of the interplanetary spatial diffusion coefficient and a wide range of scattering mean-free paths and consider a number of different ion species in order to generate a wide range of simulation results that can be applied to individual SEP events. We apply our simulation results to observations made at 1 AU of the 20 February 2002 solar energetic particle event, finding the original energy content of several species. We find that estimates of the source energy based on SEP measurements at 1 AU are relatively insensitive to the mean-free path and scattering scheme if adiabatic cooling and multiple crossings are taken into account

Research relative to the heavy isotope spectrometer telescope experiment

The Heavy Isotope Spectrometer Telescope (HIST) was launched during August 1978 on ISEE-3 (ICE). HIST was designed to measure the isotopic composition of solar, galactic, and interplanetary cosmic ray nuclei for the elements from H to Ni (1 less than or equal to Z less than or equal to 28) in the energy range from approximately 5 to approximately 200 MeV/nucleon. The results of these measurements have been used in studies of the composition of solar matter and galactic cosmic ray sources, the study of nucleosynthesis processes, studies of particle acceleration and propagation, and studies of the life-history of cosmic rays in the heliosphere and in the galaxy. On December 1, 1978, after 110 days in orbit, HIST suffered an electronic failure in its readout system. After that point, only one-half of the telemetry bits associated with the pulse heights measured by HIST were transmitted to Earth. As a result, the resolution of HIST was significantly degraded, and it served as an element rather than an isotope spectrometer. Fortunately, HIST was able to measure the isotopic composition of heavy nuclei in the 9/23/78 solar event (the largest solar energetic particle event since 1972) during the brief period that it operated at full resolution. This grant funded the analysis of data from the HIST instrument over the period from 12/1/85 to 11/30/92. In section 2 of this final report, we summarize the scientific accomplishments that have resulted from HIST measurements during this time period. A bibliography of tasks and papers that resulted is attached

The Market-Oriented And Integrative Management Model For Successful Internationalisation Of Vocational Education And Training Services

Export of VET services has become the rapidly growing business field within the service sector. Austria and Germany traditionally run the vocational education and training (VET) by the so-called Dual Apprenticeship System, the public-private co-management of employers and public vocational schools. Both countries promote VET internationalisation, and VET service providers seek for respective management strategies. This paper contributes to the question How do VET providers successfully internationalise?As finding the paper presents the market-oriented and integrative management model for VET internationalisation into emerging markets. The explorative study applied the market-oriented innovation management research method that was chosen to highlight the paradigm shift in VET internationalisation towards market-orientation. Moreover, the method strongly involves the users view what is is in compliance with latest value creation and value co-creation theories in service management