Assessment of protein silver nanoparticles toxicity against pathogenic Alternaria solani

Mycogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was carried out in the present investigation using an aqueous extract of endophytic non-pathogenic Alternaria solani F10 (KT721914). The mycosynthesized AgNPs were characterized by means of spectroscopic and microscopic techniques. The surface plasmon resonance found at 430 nm confirmed the formation of stable AgNPs for several weeks at room temperature. Also, the results revealed the formation of spherical and monodispersed AgNPs with an average size of 14.8 +/- 1.2 nm. The FT-IR spectrum suggested that the fungal extracellular proteins and secondary metabolites had the role in Ag reduction and AgNPs capping of which protein Ag nanoconjugates were formed. Furthermore, the mycosynthesized AgNPs exhibited potent antifungal activity against different pathogenic isolates of the same Alternaria solani fungus, the causal pathogen of tomato early blight disease. The antifungal efficiency of the AgNPs at 1, 5 and 10 ppm were evaluated for 8 days after incubation by measuring the inhibition rate of fungal radial growth. The results were further supported by investigating fungal hyphae morphology alteration by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Treated fungal hyphae showed formation of pits and pores. Also, the mycosynthesized AgNPs were able to pass and distribute throughout the fungal cell area and interact with the cell components.A financial support from European Commission by Erasmus Mundus Scholarship-ACTION 2 WELCOME program is gratefully acknowledged. Work in JAD laboratory was supported by grant BIO2014-54269-R from the Ministerio de Economia y Competividad (Spain).Abdel-Hafez, SII.; Nafady, NA.; Abdel-Rahim, IR.; Shaltout, AM.; Daros Arnau, JA.; Mohamed, MA. (2016). Assessment of protein silver nanoparticles toxicity against pathogenic Alternaria solani. 3 Biotech. 6(199):1-12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-016-0515-6S1126199Abd-Alla MH, Nafady NA, Khalaf DM (2016) Assessment of silver nanoparticles contamination on faba bean-Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae-Glomus aggregatum symbiosis: implications for induction of autophagy process in root nodule. Agric Ecosyst Environ 15(218):163–177Abdel-Hafez SI, Nafady NA, Abdel-Rahim IR, Shaltout AM, Mohamed MA (2016) Biogenesis and optimisation of silver nanoparticles by the endophytic fungus cladosporium sphaerospermum. Int J Nano Chem 2(1):11–19Agrios GN (1997) Plant pathology, 4th edn. Academic Press, LondonAzizi S, Namvar F, Mahdavi M, Ahmad MB, Mohamad R (2013) Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using brown marine macroalga, Sargassum muticum aqueous extract. Materials 6(12):5942–5950Birla S, Tiwari V, Gade A, Ingle A, Yadav A, Rai M (2009) Fabrication of silver nanoparticles by Phoma glomerala and its combined effect against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. Lett Appl Microbiol 48(2):173–179Chohan S, Perveen R, Mehmood MA, Naz S, Akram N (2015) Morpho-physiological studies, management and screening of tomato germplasm against alternaria solani, the causal agent of tomato early blight. Int J Agric Biol 17(1):111–118Das VL, Thomas R, Varghese RT, Soniya EV, Mathew J, Radhakrishnan EK (2014) Extracellular synthesis of silver nanoparticles by the Bacillus strain CS 11 isolated from industrialized area. 3 Biotech 4(2):121–126Datar VV, Mayee CD (1981) Assessment of losses in tomato yield due to early blight. Indian phytopathol 34:191–195Elyasi M, Khalilzadeh MA, Karimi-Maleh H (2013) High sensitive voltammetric sensor based on Pt/CNTs nanocomposite modified ionic liquid carbon paste electrode for determination of Sudan I in food samples. Food Chem 141(4):4311–4317Ensafi AA, Karimi-Maleh H (2010) Modified multiwall carbon nanotubes paste electrode as a sensor for simultaneous determination of 6-thioguanine and folic acid using ferrocenedicarboxylic acid as a mediator. J Electroanal Chem 640(1):75–83Fayaz M, Tiwary CS, Kalaichelvan PT, Venkatesan R (2010) Blue orange light emission from biogenic synthesized silver nanoparticles using Trichoderma viride. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 75(1):175–178Gardes M, Bruns TD (1993) ITS primers with enhanced specificity for basidiomycetes-application to the identification of mycorrhizae and rusts. Mol Ecol 2(2):113–118Gurunathan S, Lee KJ, Kalishwaralal K, Sheikpranbabu S, Vaidyanathan R, Eom SH (2009) Antiangiogenic properties of silver nanoparticles. Biomaterials 30(31):6341–6350Kagithoju S, Godishala V, Nanna RS (2015) Eco-friendly and green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using leaf extract of Strychnos potatorum Linn. F. and their bactericidal activities. 3 Biotech 5(5):709–714Kanmani P, Lim ST (2013) Synthesis and structural characterization of silver nanoparticles using bacterial exopolysaccharide and its antimicrobial activity against food and multidrug resistant pathogens. Process Biochem 48(7):1099–1106Khan MR, Rizvi TF (2014) Nanotechnology: scope and application in plant disease management. Plant Pathol J 13:214–231Khan M, Rizwani GH, Shareef H, Cavar S, Zia-Ul-Haq M (2013) Assessment of total phenolic content and antioxidant potential of methanol extract of Peltophorum pterocarpum (DC.) Backer ex K. Heyne. Pak J Pharm Sci 26(5):967–972Kim KJ, Sung WS, Suh BK, Moon SK, Choi JS, Kim JG, Lee DG (2009a) Antifungal activity and mode of action of silver nano-particles on Candida albicans. Biometals 22(2):235–242Kim SW, Kim KS, Lamsal K, Kim YJ, Kim SB, Jung M, Sim SJ, Kim HS, Chang SJ, Kim JK, Lee YS (2009b) An in vitro study of the antifungal effect of silver nanoparticles on oak wilt pathogen Raffaelea sp. J Microbiol Biotechnol 19(8):760–764Kim SW, Jung JH, Lamsal K, Kim YS, Min JS, Lee YS (2012) Antifungal effects of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) against various plant pathogenic fungi. Mycobiology 40(1):53–58Kirk AB, Martinelango PK, Tian K, Dutta A, Smith EE, Dasgupta PK (2005) Perchlorate and iodide in dairy and breast milk. Environ Sci Technol 39(7):2011–2017Kumar CG, Sujitha P (2014) Green synthesis of Kocuran-functionalized silver glyconanoparticles for use as antibiofilm coatings on silicone urethral catheters. Nanotechnology 25(32):325101Liu L, Yang J, Xie J, Luo Z, Jiang J, Yang YY, Liu S (2013) The potent antimicrobial properties of cell penetrating peptide-conjugated silver nanoparticles with excellent selectivity for Gram-positive bacteria over erythrocytes. Nanoscale 5(9):3834–3840Loza K, Diendorf J, Sengstock C, Ruiz-Gonzalez L, Gonzalez-Calbet J, Vallet- Regi M, Köller M, Epple M (2014) The dissolution and biological effects of silver nanoparticles in biological media. J Mater Chem B 2:1634–1643Malik P, Shankar R, Malik V, Sharma N, Mukherjee TK (2014) Green chemistry based benign routes for nanoparticle synthesis. J Nanopart 24:1–14McDonnell G, Russell AD (2001) Antiseptics and disinfectants: activity, action, and resistance. Clin Microbiol Rev 14(1):227Metuku RP, Pabba S, Burra S, Gudikandula K, Charya MS (2014) Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles from Schizophyllum radiatum HE 863742.1: their characterization and antimicrobial activity. 3 Biotech 4(3):227–234Mohamed AM (2015) One-step functionalization of silver Nanoparticles using the orsellinic acid compound isolated from the endophytic fungus Epicoccum Nigrum: characterization and antifungal activity. Int J Nano Chem. 1(3):103–110Moradi R, Sebt SA, Karimi-Maleh H, Sadeghi R, Karimi F, Bahari A, Arabi H (2013) Synthesis and application of FePt/CNTs nanocomposite as a sensor and novel amide ligand as a mediator for simultaneous determination of glutathione, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and tryptophan. Phys Chem Chem Phys 15(16):5888–5897Nadworny PL, Wang J, Tredget EE, Burrell RE (2008) Anti-inflammatory activity of nanocrystalline silver in a porcine contact dermatitis model. Nanomedicine 4(3):241–251Namanda S, Olanya OM, Adipala E, Hakiza JJ, El-Bedewy R, Baghsari AS, Ewell P (2004) Fungicide application and host-resistance for potato late blight management: benefits assessment from on-farm studies in SW Uganda. Crop Prot 23(11):1075–1083Narayanan KB, Sakthivel N (2010) Biological synthesis of metal nanoparticles by microbes. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 156(1):1–3Netala VR, Kotakadi VS, Bobbu P, Gaddam SA, Tartte V (2016) Endophytic fungal isolate mediated biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles and their free radical scavenging activity and anti microbial studies. 3 Biotech 6(2):1–9Petrini O, Fisher PJ (1988) A comparative study of fungal endophytes in xylem and whole stems of Pinus sylvestris and Fagus sylvatica. Trans Br Mycol Soc 91(2):233–238Qin Y, Ji X, Jing J, Liu H, Wu H, Yang W (2010) Size control over spherical silver nanoparticles by ascorbic acid reduction. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 372(1):172–176Ramamurthy CH, Padma M, Mareeswaran R, Suyavaran A, Kumar MS, Premkumar K, Thirunavukkarasu C (2013) The extra cellular synthesis of gold and silver nanoparticles and their free radical scavenging and antibacterial properties. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 102:808–815Rogers JV, Parkinson CV, Choi YW, Speshock JL, Hussain SM (2008) A preliminary assessment of silver nanoparticle inhibition of monkeypox virus plaque formation. Nanoscale Res Lett 3(4):129–133Sadeghi R, Karimi-Maleh H, Khalilzadeh MA, Beitollahi H, Ranjbarha Z, Zanousi MB (2013) A new strategy for determination of hydroxylamine and phenol in water and waste water samples using modified nanosensor. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 20(9):6584–6593Saharan V, Sharma G, Yadav M, Choudhary MK, Sharma SS, Pal A, Biswas P (2015) Synthesis and in vitro antifungal efficacy of Cu–chitosan nanoparticles against pathogenic fungi of tomato. Int J Biol Macromolec 75:346–353Satyavani K, Ramanathan T, Gurudeeban S (2011) Plant mediated synthesis of biomedical silver nanoparticles by using leaf extract of Citrullus colocynthis. R J Nanosci Nanotech 1(2):95–101Siddique YH, Fatima A, Jyoti S, Naz F, Khan W, Singh BR, Naqvi AH (2013) Evaluation of the toxic potential of graphene copper nanocomposite (GCNC) in the third instar larvae of transgenic Drosophila melanogaster (hsp70-lacZ) Bg 9. PloS one 8(12):e80944Stoimenov PK, Klinger RL, Marchin GL, Klabunde KJ (2002) Metal oxide nanoparticles as bactericidal agents. Langmuir 18(17):6679–6686Tanvir S, Oudet F, Pulvin S, Anderson WA (2012) Coenzyme based synthesis of silver nanocrystals. Enzyme Microb Technol 51(4):231–236Thakkar KN, Mhatre SS, Parikh RY (2010) Biological synthesis of metallic nanoparticles. Nanomedicine 6(2):257–262Vahdati AR, Sadeghi B (2013) A study on the assessment of DNA strand-breaking activity by silver and silica nanoparticles. J Nanostruct Chem 1:1–3Wu D, Fan W, Kishen A, Gutmann JL, Fan B (2014) Evaluation of the antibacterial efficacy of silver nanoparticles against Enterococcus faecalis biofilm. J Endod 40:285–290Zachariadis PC, Hadjikakou SK, Hadjiliadis N, Skoulika S, Michaelides A, Balzarini J, De Clercq E (2004) Synthesis, characterization and in vitro study of the cytostatic and antiviral activity of new polymeric silver (I) complexes with ribbon structures derived from the conjugated heterocyclic thioamide 2-mercapto-3, 4, 5, 6-tetra-hydropyrimidine. Eur J Inorg Chem 7:1420–1426Zhang W, Qiao X, Chen J (2007) Synthesis of silver nanoparticles—effects of concerned parameters in water/oil microemulsion. Mater Sci Eng, B 142(1):1–5Zhao N, Gao J, Enns CA, Knutson MD (2010) ZRT/IRT-like protein 14 (ZIP14) promotes the cellular assimilation of iron from transferrin. J Biol Chem 285(42):32141–3215

Crop Yield Assessment Using Field-Based Data and Crop Models at the Village Level: A Case Study on a Homogeneous Rice Area in Telangana, India

Crop yield estimation has gained importance due to its vital significance for policymakers and decision-makers in enacting schemes, ensuring food security, and assessing crop insurance losses due to biotic and abiotic stress. This research focused on rice yield estimation at the field level in the Karimnagar district of Telangana during 2021 and 2022 by employing the leaf area index (LAI) as the primary criterion for integrating remote sensing technology and crop simulation models. Using Sentinel-2 satellite data, the rice crop was mapped with the help of ground data and machine learning algorithms, attaining an accuracy of 93.04%. Crop management data for the DSSAT tool were collected during the field visits; the model results revealed a 0.80 correlation between observed and predicted yields. Due to its strong correlation with LAI (0.82), the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) was selected as the critical element for integration with the model. A spatial LAI map was generated using the linear equation developed between the NDVI and LAI. The relationship between LAI and yield was used to create a spatial yield map. The study’s findings show that assimilating remote sensing data with crop models enhances the precision of rice yield prediction for insurance companies and policy- and decision-makers