Appearance Potential Massenspektrometrie zum Nachweis reaktiver Gasphasenintermediate bei heterogen-katalysierten Reaktionen

Appearance Potential Massenspektrometrie zum Nachweis reaktiver Gasphasenintermediate bei heterogen-katalysierten Reaktionen R. Horn und G. Mestl, Abteilung Anorganische Chemie, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, D-14195 Berlin, Deutschland; Am Mechanismus zahlreicher heterogen-katalysierter Reaktionen könnten neben den bekannten Reaktionsschritten an der Katalysatoroberfläche auch Reaktionsschritte in der Gasphase beteiligt sein. Besonders bei hohen Reaktionstemperaturen (Ammoniakoxidation, Methanoloxidation zu Formaldehyd, Andrussow-Prozess) ist das Auftreten hochenergetischer kurzlebiger Intermediate, z.B. Radikale, wahrscheinlich, aber auch intermediäre, geminale Diole wären denkbar. Der qualitative und quantitative Nachweis dieser Spezies ist aufgrund ihrer Kurzlebigkeit und der anspruchsvollen Reaktionsbedingungen experimentell sehr aufwendig. Bisher gibt es nur wenige, teure Methoden, die dies gestatten, z.B. Matrix-Isolations ESR (MIESR), Laser Induzierte Fluoreszenzspektroskopie (LIFS) oder Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy (CRDS). Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit soll die Appearance Potential Massenspektrometrie (AP-MS) zur Untersuchung heterogen-katalysierter Gasphasenreaktionen angewendet werden. In der Plasmaphysik ist diese Methode lange etabliert und wird zur Charakterisierung von Plasmen (Identifizierung und Quantifizierung von Radikalen, Kationen, Anionen) benützt. Die zugrundeliegende Idee dieser Methode ist leicht einsichtig. Die Identifizierung einzelner Gasphasenspezies erfolgt über ihre Ionisierungs- bzw. Auftrittspotentiale (IP, AP). Diese erhält man durch Auswertung der Ionisationseffektivitätskurven (IE-Kurven) auf den jeweiligen Massen. Verfolgt man z.B. die Signalintensität auf der Masse 15amu mit steigender Energie der stoßenden Elektronen in der Ionenquelle, erhält man eine IE-Kurve zu der die vorhandenen Spezies entsprechend ihrer IP’s oder AP’s beitragen. Wenn, wie z.B. bei der oxidativen Kopplung von Methan (OKM), Methylradikale als reaktive Intermediate neben Methan als Ausgangsstoff und Ethan als Reaktionsprodukt auftreten, so sind alle drei Spezies durch Auswertung der IE-Kurve auf der Masse 15amu eindeutig zu identifizieren und zu quantifizieren. e- + CH3 CH3+ + 2e- IP(CH3+) = 9.84eV e- + CH4 CH3+ + H + 2e- AP(CH3+) = 14.30eV e- + C2H6 CH3+ + CH3 + 2e- AP(CH3+) = 13.46eV Im Vergleich zu den anderen oben erwähnten Methoden ist die AP-MS relativ unkompliziert und kostengünstig. Der Versuchsaufbau besteht aus einem Hochtemperatur-Strömungsrohrreaktor (Tmax = 1450°C, i.d. = 10mm), der direkt über eine wassergekühlte, dreistufig differentiell gepumpte Druckstufe an das AP-MS angekoppelt ist. Bisher wurde als Testreaktion die Me-thanoxidation über dem reinen Al2O3 Träger sowie geträ-gertem, polykristalli-nem Platin als Katalysator unter-sucht. Die Durchfüh-rung temperaturpro-grammierter Experi-mente zeigte deut-lich radikalische Intermediate der Reaktion, was sie in Verbindung mit ihrer Übersichtlichkeit als Prüftstein der Methode auszeichnet. So konnten z.B. OH Fragmente nachgewiesen werden, deren Muttermolekül überraschenderweise H2O2 war. Der Nachweis von Wasserclustern in einem engen Konzentrations- und Temperaturbereich kurz nach Einsetzen der Reaktion, deutet auf reaktive Kondensationskeime im Molekularstrahl, z.B. OH-Radikale, hin. Neben der technischen Durchführung stellt aber auch die Datenauswertung der IE-Kurven und Mischungsmassenspektren die zweite große Herausforderung dar. Da die IE-Kurven mit der Energieunschärfe des Elektronenstrahls gefaltet sind, wird an einer Entfaltung mittels Fouriertransformation gearbeitet. Zur rechnerischen Identifizierung der den Massenspektren zugrundeliegenden Moleküle wurde erfolgreich die Target-Faktorenanalyse erprobt. Eine zusätzliche, experimentelle On-Line Analytik des Reaktionsgemisches im Reaktorabstrom mittels IR-Spektroskopie ist geplant

The role of sub-surface oxygen in the silver-catalyzed, oxidative coupling of methane

The silver-catalyzed, oxidative coupling of methane to C2 hydrocarbons (OCM) is shown to be an extremely structure-sensitive reaction. Reaction-induced changes in the silver morphology lead to changes in the nature and extent of formation of various bulk and surface-terminating crystal structures. This, in-turn, impacts the adsorption properties and diffusivity of oxygen in silver which is necessary to the formation of sub-surface oxygen. A strongly-bound, Lewis-basic, oxygen species which is intercalated in the silver crystal structure is formed as a result of these diffusion processes. This species is referred to as Og and acts as a catalytically active site for the direct dehydrogenation of a variety of organic reactants. It is found that the activation energy for methane coupling over silver of 138 kJ/mol is nearly identical to the value of 140 kJ/mol for oxygen diffusion in silver measured under similar conditions. This correlation between the diffusion kinetics of bulk-dissolved oxygen and the reaction kinetics of the oxidative coupling of methane to C2 hydrocarbons suggests that the reaction is limited by the formation of Og via surface segregation of bulk dissolved oxygen. Catalysis over fresh silver catalysts indicates an initially preferential oxidation of CH4 to complete oxidation products. This is a result of the reaction of methane with surface bound atomic oxygen which forms preferentially on high-index terminating crystalline planes. Reaction-induced facetting of the silver results in a restructuring of the catalyst from one which initially catalyzes the complete oxidation of methane to COx and water to a catalyst which preferentially catalyzes the formation of coupling products. This represents an extremely dynamic situation in which a solid-state restructuring of the catalyst results in the formation of a Lewis-basic, silver-oxygen species which preferentially catalyzes the dehydrogenation of organic molecules

Preparation and characterisation of single phase (MoVW)₅O₁₄-type catalyst material

MoVW based materials are highly effective catalysts for partial oxidation reactions such as conversion of acrolein to acrylic acid. They offer a high selectivity, high yields and a good long term stability. Preceding work has identified the catalytically active phase of the MoVW catalyst and characterised it by Raman spectroscopy. The current work has been carried out to synthesise and characterise this active (MoVW)5O14 type structure

Evolution of the electronic structure of Cs₂H₂PVMo₁₁O₄₀ under the influence of propene and propene/O₂

Evolution of the Electronic Structure of Cs2H2PVMo11O40 under the Influence of Propene and Propene/O2 J. Kröhnert, F.C. Jentoft, J. Melsheimer, R. Ahmad, M. Thiede, G. Mestl, and R. Schlögl Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, 14195 Berlin, Faradayweg 4-6, Germany Changes in the electronic and vibrational spectra of Cs2H2PVMo11O40 in the presence of propene (1) or propene/O2 (2) were followed by in situ UV/Vis/NIR diffuse reflectance spec-troscopy. (1) At 298 K propene leads to reduction as indicated by a broad absorption band extending from the Vis to the NIR range. Iso-propanol was detected at 323 K and the maxi-mum of the broad band shifted from 740 to 700 nm. At higher temperatures the visible ab-sorption band shifted back about 25 nm. (2) Under conditions of catalytic oxidation a propene conversion of ca. 4% was detected with acrolein and CO as major products (670 K). Although the absorption band in the Vis range is less pronounced than in the presence of propene only at the same temperature, the catalyst is not restored to its fully oxidized state. The evolution of a band at 680-700 nm at 620-670 K indicates the formation of a structure with reduced and oxidized metal sites next to each other. This maybe related to the observation of molydenyl and vanadyl species in post mortem Raman spectra. 1. Introduction Cs salts of the vanadomolybdophosphoric acid are, for example, applied as catalysts for oxidative dehydrogenation of isobutyric acid to methacrylic acid [1-3]. The sensitivity of the catalyst under industrial operation suggests that the nature of the active phase may not be identical to the structurally well-defined salts which are molecular solids composed of Keggin ions, Cs cations, and water. Interestingly, the light-off temperature for oxidation reactions coincides with the temperature for the loss of constitutional water [4]. It is thus hypothesized that the water loss is connected to the formation of the active phase, whereby the electronic state of the active phase evolves in an atmosphere that contains both oxidative (O2) and re-ductive (hydrocarbon) components at the same time. In situ UV/Vis/NIR diffuse reflectance spectroscopy offers the unique possibility to si-multaneously investigate electronic features such as d-d transitions, intervalence charge trans-fers (IVCT), and ligand-to-metal charge transfers (LMCT) as well as the vibrational overtones and combination modes of water. From preliminary UV/Vis/NIR experiments, as from other methods (e.g., TG-DTA experiments), it has become clear that catalysts of the type CsxH4-xPVMo11O40 with x = 0-2 are already thermally unstable in the presence of an inert gas. This instability is expressed by the appearance and disappearance of absorption bands. The goal of this work was to investigate the loss of crystal and subsequently constitutio-nal water, and possible concomitant electronic changes of Cs2H2PVMo11O40 under inert, oxi-dative, and reductive conditions over a wide temperature range, as well as under the conditi-ons of oxidation catalysis. Propene was selected as a reactant and the gas phase was monito-red in order to correlate catalytic performance with spectroscopic data. 2. Experimental A Perkin-Elmer Lambda 9 spectrometer with an enlarged integrating sphere was used for in situ UV/Vis/NIR diffuse reflectance spectroscopy on different dilute catalyst samples. So-lutions of Cs2CO3 and heteropoly acid were used for the preparation of the Cs2H2PVMo11O40 samples. Approximately 110 mg of the catalyst (7-10 wt%) were mixed with SiO2 (Heraeus, 0.1-0.4 mm) and placed in a microreactor of in-house design operating under continuous gas flow. Sequential spectroscopic measurements were carried out with a scan speed of 240 nm/min, a slit width of 5.0 nm, and a response time of 0.5 s. Spectralon® was used as a refe-rence. The apparent absorption was evaluated from the diffuse reflectance data using the for-mula 1-Rmixture/RSiO2. The feed mixture was 10 vol-% propene in helium or 10 vol-% propene plus 10 vol-% oxygen in helium with a total gas flow of 71 or 74 ml/min, respectively. The gases were analyzed with two gas chromatographs (Perkin Elmer), equipped with heated au-tomatic gas sampling valves, an FFAP column (Macherey-Nagel) and a packed Carboxen-1000 column using FID and TCD in both GCs. Series A experiments (10% propene): The temperature was held constant for 2 h at room temperature (RT), and then the temperature was increased at a rate of 1 K/min to 323 K, and spectra were recorded over a period of ca. 5 hours. Series B experiments (10% propene): The temperature was increased from RT to 323 K and then to 670 K in steps of ~ 50 K (5 K/min heating rate), with a 2 h isothermal period after each step. Series C experiments (10% propene, 10% O2): The temperature was increased as in Series B with extended isothermal periods of 9 h at 413 K and 19 hours at 670 K. 3. Results The Series A spectra show a strong increase in apparent absorption already at RT. After 40 min on stream (RT3 in Fig. 1) a visible absorption band formed at ~ 740 nm and this band underwent a blue shift to 700 nm when the temperature was increased to 319 K. In contrast to similar experiments using He, the crystal water bands at 1430 and 1925 nm already disappear after 70 min on stream (Figure 1). Formation of iso-propanol was detected at 319 K. Series B spectra showed similarly strong changes in apparent absorption with a red shift of ca. 25 nm for the visible absorption band and the appearance of an additional band in the NIR (at ~ 1050 nm). The NIR band (appearing above 560K) is broad and overlaps with the visible band (Fi-gure 2). The visible band increases with increasing temperature until a single broad visi-ble/NIR band forms. For Series C, increasing temperature leads to a decrease in the intensity of the absorption bands, particularly the NIR band (Figure 3). However, the visible band be-comes clearly recognizable again at 563 K; it is possible that a catalytic reaction begins to occur at this temperature. The products acrolein, propionic acid, acrylic acid and water were first detected at 603 K. At 670 K in addition to these products we also detected propionalde-hyde, acetone, CO and acetic acid, with the conversion of propene being ca. 4% and that of O2 ca. 12 %, and the highest selectivities being for acrolein and CO. In the Series C spectra the defined feature in the UV region does not disappear as it did in the Series B spectra at higher temperatures. Under catalytic reaction conditions above 563 K one observes an increase in the intensity of the shifted visible absorption band at 680-700 nm with increasing temperature (=620 K) and time on stream (Figure 4). 4. Discussion The water bands disappear much more readily in the presence of propene than in inert gas, and at the same time, isopropanol is formed. These observations can be explained by an addition of water from the catalyst to propene, a typical acid-catalyzed reaction. Propene thus appears to draw the crystal water from the catalyst, and when the crystal water is gone the constitutional water is removed as well. The sample apparently underwent considerable re-duction even at the relatively low temperature of propene hydration, which corresponds to the observations in inert gas at higher temperature, and reduction generally seems to accompany the water loss. Hence, water, which is added in the industrial oxidation process, may play an essential role in maintaining a certain, i.e. active, state of the catalyst which is different from a van-der-Waals solid built of isolated Keggin units. The electronic structure change in the pre-sence of propene is dramatic; the defined LMCT band is obscured by an intense, almost con-tinuous absorption which is even more pronounced at higher temperatures (up to 670 K). The catalyst sample was black after treatment with the propene atmosphere, in contrast to He-treated catalyst samples that were blue [5]. In the presence of propene and oxygen, the initial reduction at 555 K is partly reversed at 620-670K; however, although excess oxygen is available the catalyst remains in a reduced state. The decrease in the intensity of the visible absorption band below the catalytic reaction temperature (603K) may be attributed to an oxidation of some Mo5+ and V4+ centers by the gas phase oxygen. Above this temperature the absorption band increases with rising tempera-ture through the stronger reduction of the catalyst and at the same time the conversion also increases. The blue shifted absorption band at ca. 680 nm that was observed at 670K could indicate oxygen vacancies that are important for the oxidation reactions. These species may be the same as a species observed in post mortem Raman analysis of these samples that was charac-terized by a shoulder at about 1002 cm-1 and was interpreted as molybdenyl species [6]. Un-der the same conditions, the free acid H4PVMo11O40 showed a blue shift up to 660 nm [5], which might indicate the presence of molybdenyl and vanadyl species in the catalyst sample, since Raman bands were in turn detected at 1008 and 1030 cm-1 [6]. In summary, the changes in electronic structure appear too dramatic to be just a conse-quence of a partial reduction of the Keggin ion; rather it seems that the geometric structure is partially dissolved leading to a transformation from a molecular solid to more condensed oxi-dic species with semiconducting character. The availability of relatively free electrons that is suggested by the continuous character of the UV/Vis spectra at high temperatures is a prere-quisite for the activation of molecular oxygen and thus for the redox catalytic activity. The structural changes are too severe to allow the restoration of the heteropolyacid through the water that is formed in the propene oxidation; and acidic properties also no longer play a role for the product distribution under these conditions. References 1. M. Misono, N. Nojiri, Appl. Catal., 64 (1990) 1. 2. Th. Ilkenhans, B. Herzog, Th. Braun and R. Schlögl, J. Catal., 153 (1995) 275. 3. L. Weismantel, J. Stöckel and G. Emig, Appl. Catal., 137 (1996) 129. 4. S. Berndt, Dissertation, TU Berlin, 1999. 5. J. Kröhnert, O. Timpe, J. Melsheimer, F.C. Jentoft, G. Mestl and R. Schlögl, to be pub-lished. 6. G. Mestl, T. Ilkenhans, D. Spielbauer, M. Dieterle, O. Timpe, J. Kröhnert, F.C. Jentoft, H. Knözinger and R. Schlögl, Appl. Catal. A, submitted