Capítulo VII: variabilidad genética y ambiental entre líneas de tomate "chonto", Lycopersicon esculentum Mill, sin utilizar pruebas de progenie

&lt;p&gt;This paper reports the results of a study on genetic and environmental variability between 43 lines of "Chonto" tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum Mill, without using progeny offspring test. The experimental material were planted under field conditions using three randomized blocks. Data on individual plants were recorded for yield/plant, number of fruit/plant, average fruit weight, number of inflorescences/plant, number of fruits/inflorescence, number of locules/fruit, average locule weight, fruit shape index, pericarp thickness, days to flowering, harvest lenght, plant heigh, first inflorescence heigh, internode lenght, reaction to the presence of Scrobipalpula absoluta and Xanthomonas vesicatoria. The quantitative characters were subjeted to variance analysis in orden to evaluate the genetic and environmental variation. Heritability in the wide sense, genetic variability coeficient and the expected progress by selection were estimated. Fenotipic, environmental and genetic correlations among some evaluated characters were also carried out. Important  genotipic differences, at 1% of probability, for the evaluated characters were found. Generally, in the most of the evaluated characters the largest contribution of the total variation correspond to the genetic variation. The contribution of the environmental variation was very low.&lt;/p&gt;<br>&lt;p&gt;Con el fin de analizar la variabilidad genética y ambiental, de algunos caracteres agronómicos importantes en tomate "chonto" se evaluaron 43 líneas, en condiciones de campo utilizando un diseño experimental de bloques al azar con tres repeticiones. Los datos experimentales se obtuvieron a partir de tres plantas individuales por repetición y en plena competencia. Se evaluaron los siguientes caracteres cuantitativos: producción por planta, número de frutos por planta, peso promedio de frutos, número de inflorescencias por planta, número de frutos por inflorescencias, número de lóculos por fruto, peso promedio de lóculos, formato de fruto, grosor de pericarpio, días a primera flor abierta, duración de la cosecha, altura de la planta en el momento de la cosecha, altura de la primera inflorescencia y longitud del primer entrenudo. Se realizó el análisis de varianza con miras a evaluar la varianza genética y la varianza ambiental, heredabilidad en el sentido amplio, coeficiente de varianza genética y progreso esperado por selección. También se efectuaron correlaciones fenotípicas, genotípicas y ambientales entre algunos caracteres evaluados. Se encontraron diferencias genotípicas al 1% de probabilidad, para todos los caracteres evaluados. Para la mayoría de los caracteres evaluados, la varianza genética obtuvo mayor contribución a la varianza fenotípica. El aporte de la varianza ambiental fue muy bajo.&lt;/p&gt

Capítulo vii: variabilidad genética y ambiental entre líneas de tomate "chonto", lycopersicon esculentum mill, sin utilizar pruebas de progenie

Con el fin de analizar la variabilidad genética y ambiental, de algunos caracteres agronómicos importantes en tomate "chonto" se evaluaron 43 líneas, en condiciones de campo utilizando un diseño experimental de bloques al azar con tres repeticiones. Los datos experimentales se obtuvieron a partir de tres plantas individuales por repetición y en plena competencia. Se evaluaron los siguientes caracteres cuantitativos: producción por planta, número de frutos por planta, peso promedio de frutos, número de inflorescencias por planta, número de frutos por inflorescencias, número de lóculos por fruto, peso promedio de lóculos, formato de fruto, grosor de pericarpio, días a primera flor abierta, duración de la cosecha, altura de la planta en el momento de la cosecha, altura de la primera inflorescencia y longitud del primer entrenudo. Se realizó el análisis de varianza con miras a evaluar la varianza genética y la varianza ambiental, heredabilidad en el sentido amplio, coeficiente de varianza genética y progreso esperado por selección. También se efectuaron correlaciones fenotípicas, genotípicas y ambientales entre algunos caracteres evaluados. Se encontraron diferencias genotípicas al 1% de probabilidad, para todos los caracteres evaluados. Para la mayoría de los caracteres evaluados, la varianza genética obtuvo mayor contribución a la varianza fenotípica. El aporte de la varianza ambiental fue muy bajo.This paper reports the results of a study on genetic and environmental variability between 43 lines of "Chonto" tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum Mill, without using progeny offspring test. The experimental material were planted under field conditions using three randomized blocks. Data on individual plants were recorded for yield/plant, number of fruit/plant, average fruit weight, number of inflorescences/plant, number of fruits/inflorescence, number of locules/fruit, average locule weight, fruit shape index, pericarp thickness, days to flowering, harvest lenght, plant heigh, first inflorescence heigh, internode lenght, reaction to the presence of Scrobipalpula absoluta and Xanthomonas vesicatoria. The quantitative characters were subjeted to variance analysis in orden to evaluate the genetic and environmental variation. Heritability in the wide sense, genetic variability coeficient and the expected progress by selection were estimated. Fenotipic, environmental and genetic correlations among some evaluated characters were also carried out. Important  genotipic differences, at 1% of probability, for the evaluated characters were found. Generally, in the most of the evaluated characters the largest contribution of the total variation correspond to the genetic variation. The contribution of the environmental variation was very low

Geoeconomic variations in epidemiology, ventilation management, and outcomes in invasively ventilated intensive care unit patients without acute respiratory distress syndrome: a pooled analysis of four observational studies

Background: Geoeconomic variations in epidemiology, the practice of ventilation, and outcome in invasively ventilated intensive care unit (ICU) patients without acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) remain unexplored. In this analysis we aim to address these gaps using individual patient data of four large observational studies. Methods: In this pooled analysis we harmonised individual patient data from the ERICC, LUNG SAFE, PRoVENT, and PRoVENT-iMiC prospective observational studies, which were conducted from June, 2011, to December, 2018, in 534 ICUs in 54 countries. We used the 2016 World Bank classification to define two geoeconomic regions: middle-income countries (MICs) and high-income countries (HICs). ARDS was defined according to the Berlin criteria. Descriptive statistics were used to compare patients in MICs versus HICs. The primary outcome was the use of low tidal volume ventilation (LTVV) for the first 3 days of mechanical ventilation. Secondary outcomes were key ventilation parameters (tidal volume size, positive end-expiratory pressure, fraction of inspired oxygen, peak pressure, plateau pressure, driving pressure, and respiratory rate), patient characteristics, the risk for and actual development of acute respiratory distress syndrome after the first day of ventilation, duration of ventilation, ICU length of stay, and ICU mortality. Findings: Of the 7608 patients included in the original studies, this analysis included 3852 patients without ARDS, of whom 2345 were from MICs and 1507 were from HICs. Patients in MICs were younger, shorter and with a slightly lower body-mass index, more often had diabetes and active cancer, but less often chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and heart failure than patients from HICs. Sequential organ failure assessment scores were similar in MICs and HICs. Use of LTVV in MICs and HICs was comparable (42·4% vs 44·2%; absolute difference -1·69 [-9·58 to 6·11] p=0·67; data available in 3174 [82%] of 3852 patients). The median applied positive end expiratory pressure was lower in MICs than in HICs (5 [IQR 5-8] vs 6 [5-8] cm H2O; p=0·0011). ICU mortality was higher in MICs than in HICs (30·5% vs 19·9%; p=0·0004; adjusted effect 16·41% [95% CI 9·52-23·52]; p&lt;0·0001) and was inversely associated with gross domestic product (adjusted odds ratio for a US$10 000 increase per capita 0·80 [95% CI 0·75-0·86]; p&lt;0·0001). Interpretation: Despite similar disease severity and ventilation management, ICU mortality in patients without ARDS is higher in MICs than in HICs, with a strong association with country-level economic status