Sentimental Stereotypes: Emotional Expectations for High-and Low-Status Group Members

Three vignette studies examined stereotypes of the emotions associated with high- and low-status group members. In Study 1a, participants believed that in negative situations, high-status people feel more angry than sad or guilty and that low-status people feel more sad and guilty than angry. Study 1b showed that in response to positive outcomes, high-status people are expected to feel more pride and low-status people are expected to feel more appreciation. Study 2 showed that people also infer status from emotions: Angry and proud people are thought of as high status, whereas sad, guilty, and appreciative people are considered low status. The authors argue that these emotion stereotypes are due to differences in the inferred abilities of people in high and low positions. These perceptions lead to expectations about agency appraisals and emotions related to agency appraisals. In Study 3, the authors found support for this process by manipulating perceptions of skill and finding the same differences in emotion expectations

Sentimental Stereotypes: Emotional Expectations for High-and Low-Status Group Members

Three vignette studies examined stereotypes of the emotions associated with high- and low-status group members. In Study 1a, participants believed that in negative situations, high-status people feel more angry than sad or guilty and that low-status people feel more sad and guilty than angry. Study 1b showed that in response to positive outcomes, high-status people are expected to feel more pride and low-status people are expected to feel more appreciation. Study 2 showed that people also infer status from emotions: Angry and proud people are thought of as high status, whereas sad, guilty, and appreciative people are considered low status. The authors argue that these emotion stereotypes are due to differences in the inferred abilities of people in high and low positions. These perceptions lead to expectations about agency appraisals and emotions related to agency appraisals. In Study 3, the authors found support for this process by manipulating perceptions of skill and finding the same differences in emotion expectations

Estudo da aclimatação de lodo ativado com efluente “in natura” da industria de pescado

O presente trabalho estudou a adaptação e a atividade do lodo biológico procedente de um reator UASB de uma estação de tratamento de efluentes de uma indústria de processamento de pescado, para remoção biológica de nitrogênio em um Reator Batelada Seqüencial instrumentado em escala de bancada. A adaptação consistiu em aumento seqüencial da carga aplicada nas razões volumétricas efluente in natura : efluente sintético de 1:3,33; 1:2,5; 1:2,0; sendo a concentração inicial de inóculo empregada de 20 g SSV/L. Durante este período foram acompanhadas as variações de DQO, nitrato e amônia, onde se obteve uma remoção de até 80% da carga orgânica do efluente e de até 97% da matéria nitrogenada. O experimento com diluição de 1:3,33 foi realizado com adição de 0,5 % de sal para avaliar o efeito da salinidade, o qual também é considerado na análise dos resultados obtidos

Estudo da aclimatação da flora microbiana a concentrações crescentes de efluente “in natura” da indústria de pescado em reator batelada sequencial

O presente trabalho estudou a adaptação e a atividade do lodo biológico procedente de um reator UASB de uma estação de tratamento de efluentes de uma indústria de processamento de pescado, para remoção biológica de nitrogênio em um Reator Batelada Seqüencial. A adaptação consistiu em aumento seqüencial da carga aplicada nas razões volumétricas efluente in natura : efluente sintético de 1:3,33; 1:2,5; 1:2,0; sendo a concentração inicial de inóculo empregada de 20 g SSV/L. Durante este período foram acompanhadas as variações de DQO, nitrato e amônia, onde se obteve uma remoção de até 80% da carga orgânica do efluente e de até 97% da matéria nitrogenada. O experimento com diluição de 1:3,33 foi conduzido com adição de 0,5 % de sal (NaCl) para avaliar o efeito da salinidade, o qual também é considerado na análise dos resultados obtidos.The present work analyzes the adaptation and activity of a sludge belonging to a UASB reactor of the wastewater treatment unit from a fish processing industry, in a bench scale Sequencing Batch Reactor for biological nitrogen removal. The sludge adaptation was carried using an increasing sequence of the applied load from 1:3.33; 1:2.5; 1:2.0; regarding to volume of in natura wastewater : synthetic sewage. The initial inocullum concentration employed was 20 g VSS / L. During this period COD, nitrate and ammonia concentrations were followed and a removal about 80% of the organic matter and up to 97% of nitrogen could be achieved. An experiment employing the greater dilution (1:3.33) with 0.5% salt (as NaCl) was also carried to evaluate the salinity effect which is considered in the analysis of the results herein presented

Efeito do sal no desempenho de um reator batelada sequencial

Neste trabalho investigou-se o desempenho de um Reator Batelada Sequencial no tratamento de efluentes salinos (0,5 a 6,0%) utilizando uma estratégia de enchimento por pulsos simétricos. Verificou-se que com a estratégia adotada se obtiveram elevadas porcentagens de remoção de amónia (acima de 70%) evidenciando a elevada eficiência do reator batelada sequencial no processo de nitrificação. Contudo, para 0,5 e 1,0% de sal a remoção de amónia diminuiu indicando que a influência do choque de adição de sal é maior no início da etapa de aclimatação da biomassa. Apesar de ter sido observado um aumento da concentração de biomassa dentro do reator durante o período estudado, as porcentagens de remoção de DQO diminuíram com o aumento da concentração de sal no efluente, apontando um efeito inibitório do sal. A diminuição do IVL com o aumento da concentração de sal indica a sedimentação dos flocos menos compactos, enquanto que o aumento da turbidez demonstra uma maior quantidade de sólidos suspensos no efluente tratado.The work aims to evaluate a Sequencing Batch Reactor performance treating with saline wastewater (0,5 to 6,0%) employing a filling strategy with symmetric pulses. It was verified that the adopted operational strategy provides ammoniacal nitrogen removal rates over than 70%, demonstrating the high efficiency of this reactor in the nitrification process. Nevertheless, amonia removal rate lowered for 0,5 and 1,0% NaCl, indicating that the influence of salt addition is more significant in the early biomass acclimation stages. Although it was observed an increase in biomass concentration inside the reactor along the operation period, the removal indexes for COD diminishes with salt concentration increase, denoting somehow an inhibitory effect. Lower SVI were achieved with an increase in salt concentration leading to the settling of less compact sludge, while higher turbidity reveals na increase in the suspended solids in the treated effluent

Study of saline wastewater influence on activated sludge flocs through automated image analysis

BACKGROUND: In activated sludge systems, sludge settling ability is considered a critical step in effluent quality and determinant of solid-liquid separation processes. However, few studies have reported the influence of saline wastewater on activated sludge. This work aims the evaluation of settling ability properties of microbial aggregates in a sequencing batch reactor treating saline wastewaters of up to 60 g L-1 NaCl, by image analysis procedures. RESULTS: It was found that the sludge volume index (SVI) decreased with salt content up to 20 g L-1, remaining somewhat stable above this value. Furthermore, it was found that between the first salt concentration (5 g L-1) and 20 g L-1 aggregates suffered a strong deflocculation phenomenon, leading to a heavy loss of aggregated biomass. Regarding SVI prediction ability, a good correlation coefficient of 0.991 between observed and predicted SVI values was attained. CONCLUSION: From this work the deflocculation of aggregated biomass with salt addition due to pinpoint floc formation, dispersed bacteria growth and protozoa absence could be established. With respect to SVI estimation, and despite the good correlation obtained, caution is advisable given the low number of SVI data points.Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT)ALFA cooperation project BIEURAM III (European Commission)CNPq (Brazil

Quantitative image analysis of polyhydroxyalkanoates inclusions from microbial mixed cultures under different SBR operation strategies

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) produced from mixed microbial cultures (MMC), regarded as potential substitutes of petrochemical plastics, can be found as intracellular granules in various microorganisms under limited nutrient conditions and excess of carbon source. PHA is traditionally quantified by laborious and time-consuming chromatography analysis, and a simpler and faster method to assess PHA contents from MMC, such as quantitative image analysis (QIA), is of great interest. The main purpose of the present work was to upgrade a previously developed QIA methodology (Mesquita et al., 2013a, 2015) for MMC intracellular PHA contents quantification, increase the studied intracellular PHA concentration range and extend to different sequencing batch reactor (SBR) operation strategies. Therefore, the operation of a new aerobic dynamic feeding (ADF) SBR allowed further extending the studied operating conditions, dataset, and range of the MMC intracellular PHA contents from the previously reported anaerobic/aerobic cycle SBR. Nile Blue A (NBA) staining was employed for epifluorescence microscope visualization and image acquisition, further fed to a custom developed QIA. Data from each of the feast and famine cycles of both SBR were individually processed using chemometrics analysis, obtaining the correspondent partial least squares (PLS) models. The PHA concentrations determined from PLS models were further plotted against the results obtained in the standard chromatographic method. For both SBR the predicted ability was higher at the end of the feast stage than for the famine stage. Indeed, an independent feast and famine QIA data treatment was found to be fundamental to obtain the best prediction abilities. Furthermore, a promising overall correlation (R2 of 0.83) could be found combining the overall QIA data regarding the PHA prediction up to a concentration of 1785.1 mgL-1 (37.3 wt%). Thus, the results confirm that the presented QIA methodology can be seen as promising for estimating higher intracellular PHA concentrations for a larger reactors operation systems and further extending the prediction range of previous studies.This study was supported by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) under the scope of the strategic funding of UID/BIO/04469/2013 unit and COMPETE 2020 (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-006684) and BioTecNorte operation (NORTE01-0145-FEDER-000004) funded by European Regional Development Fundunder the scope ofNorte2020 - ProgramaOperacional Regional do Norte.The authors also acknowledge the financial support to Cristiano S. Leal (PTDC/EBB-EBI/103147/2008, FCOMP-01-0124-FEDER009704) and Daniela P. Mesquita through the FCT postdoctoral grant (SFRH/BPD/82558/2011).info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

DEVELOPMENT OF METHODS FOR MONITORING AND CONTROLLING POWER IN NUCLEAR REACTORS

Power monitoring of nuclear reactors is normally done by means of neutronic instruments, i.e. by the measurement of neutron flux. The greater the number of channels for power measuring the greater is the reliability and safety of reactor operations. The aim of this research is to develop new methodologies for on-line monitoring of nuclear reactor power using other reliable processes. One method uses the temperature difference between an instrumented fuel element and the pool water below the reactor core. Another method consists of the steady-state energy balance of the primary and secondary reactor cooling loops. A further method is the calorimetric procedure whereby a constant reactor power is monitored as a function of the temperature-rise rate and the system heat capacity. Another methodology, which does not employ thermal methods, is based on measurement of Cherenkov radiation produced within and around the core. The first three procedures, fuel temperature, energy balance and calorimetric, were implemented in the IPR-R1 TRIGA nuclear research reactor at Belo Horizonte (Brazil) and are the focus of the work described here. Knowledge of the reactor thermal power is very important for precise neutron flux and fuel element burnup calculations. The burnup is linearly dependent on the reactor thermal power and its accuracy is important in the determination of the mass of burned 235U, fission products, fuel element activity, decay heat power generation and radiotoxicity. The thermal balance method developed in this project is now the standard methodology used for IPR-R1 TRIGA reactor power calibration and the fuel temperature measuring is the most reliable way of on-line monitoring of the reactor power. This research project primarily aims at increasing the reliability and safety of nuclear reactors using alternative methods for power monitoring

SBR performance for synthetic and fishery wastewater treatment

The evaluation of a SBR performance treating synthetic and fishery wastewater was performed. Without salt addition, COD and ammonia removal rates over than 50% were obtained, indicating the occurrence of the first nitrification step and COD removal. With 0.5% salt, removal rates lower than 60% were attained, for ammonia removal efficiency probably due to ionic strength changes and cellular plasmolysis leading to inactivation of the nitrification organisms. The SBR performance was greater for synthetic wastewater, due to the inherent and controlled characteristics. For both, lower SVI were achieved as a valuable indicator towards the assessment of the aggregated biomass structure.National Council of Scientific and Technological Development of Brazil (CNPq); BIEURAM III ALFA co-operation project (European Commission)

Image analysis application for the study of activated sludge floc size during the treatment of synthetic and real fishery wastewaters

Background, aim, and scope Fishery wastewater treatment can be compromised due to seasonal production. The use of sequencing batch reactors is not completely successful, despite flexibility being one of the principal advantages. Most research on activated sludge is performed using synthetic wastewater to ensure a stable and constant feed. The current work compared biomass morphology and settling ability using image analysis of synthetic and real fishery wastewaters, with and without NaCl addition. Results The final effluent presented higher turbidity for both wastewaters after NaCl addition, and lower SVI values. For synthetic wastewater, NaCl addition led to the total aggregates' area (TA) increase from 1.46 to 2.09 mm2/ μL, alongside the growth of intermediate aggregates into larger aggregates. The addition of NaCl to the fishery wastewater led to a decrease of the TA from 4.43 to 1.72 mm2/μL. The biomass composition decreased in larger and intermediate structures, opposite to the smaller aggregates' area percentage increase. Discussion NaCl addition to synthetic wastewater incited flocculation increasing sludge settling ability. A slight aggregate disruption was responsible for a turbidity increase. A strong deflocculation was identified in fishery wastewater with NaCl from the decrease of intermediate and large aggregates. This contrasted with pinpoint flocs release, which increased the turbidity levels. Conclusions, recommendations, and perspectives It could be established that synthetic wastewater biomass flocculation and fishery wastewater biomass deflocculation, observed during 0.5% NaCl experiments, were related to sludge settling and effluent turbidity changes. Furthermore, the biomass changes obtained with synthetic wastewater cannot be extrapolated to fishery wastewater.The authors are grateful to the ALFA cooperation project BI-EURAM III (European Commission) between the Universidade do Minho and Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro and CNPq (Brazil) for the financial support for this work