Vegetative propagation of Manilkara bidentata (A.DC.) A.Chev. using mini-tunnels in the Peruvian Amazon region

Aim of the study: Manilkara bidentata (A.DC.) A.Chev. (‘quinilla’) is a Neotropical tree highly threatened by extensive agricultural practices and climate change, resulting in a substantial reduction of natural stands and seed availability. Commercially, the propagation through seeds of this species is severely impeded by a low germination rate. Vegetative propagation could be an alternative tool for overcoming this limitation. This study aims to evaluate the vegetative propagation of M. bidentata by rooted cuttings using mini-tunnels in the Amazon.Study area: National University of San Martín, Tarapoto, Region of San Martín, Peru. Forested areas at three localities in the Picota province and two localities in the Bellavista province, San Martín Region, were visited for the selection of plus trees and collection of epicormic shoots from stumps.Materials and methods: the study was performed on leaf areas of 0, 50, and 100% with indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) treatments of 0, 3000, and 6000 ppm, for 9 treatments combinations. The experiment consisted of 3 mini-tunnels, with 3 growth trays established on each mini-tunnel, and 16 cuttings established on each tray (and per treatment), for a total of 144 cuttings.Main results: after 55 days, the best scores in rooting rates (75%), number of roots (3.88), root length (3.26 cm), and budding percentage (94%) were obtained for the combination of 50% leaf area left with 3000 ppm of IBA.Research highlights: we propose the technique of mini-tunnel as a tool for the cloning, rescue, and germplam conservation of M. bidentata.Key words: mini-tunnel; Peruvian Amazon; quinilla; rooting; vegetative propagation.Abbreviations used: indole-3-butyric acid (IBA)

Propagation of Theobroma cacao by rooted cuttings in mini-tunnels

Cacao is an economically important crop that is currently planted in Asia, Africa, and America. Cuttings is a technique of vegetative propagation suitable for the conservation of selected desirable characteristics in cacao trees. The objective of this study was to evaluate the rooting of cacao cuttings in mini-tunnels with different doses of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) to obtain a simple and viable vegetative propagation protocol. The experiment was carried out under a completely randomized design (CRD). Cuttings 5 to 7 cm long were collected from the middle area of cacao tree crowns and treated with doses of 0, 1000, 2000, and 3000 ppm of IBA; then they were placed in Jiffy© pellets and set to root in plastic-covered mini-tunnels with fog irrigation. The results indicate that treatments with 0 and 1000 ppm of IBA produced the highest values in survival (100%, both treatments) and rooting percentage (87.7 and 90.0%, respectively) as well as number and length of roots (4.3 roots-4.21 cm in length and 4.5 roots-5.32 cm in length, respectively); likewise, cuttings treated with 0 ppm rooted after 24–40 days, followed by doses of 1000 ppm (24–46 days). All rooted cuttings without IBA (0 ppm) achieved 100% acclimatization in nursery. In general, the best results were obtained without IBA application (Control 0 ppm) in all the parameters evaluated, similar to those obtained with the application of 1000 ppm IBA; these results indicate the success and efficiency of the vegetative propagation protocol proposed in this study

Efecto de fitohormonas y fertilizantes sobre el enraizamiento y crecimiento de mini-estaquillas de híbridos F1 de café (Coffea arabica)

[Introduction]: CATIE is seeking to optimize the horticultural technique of rooting coffee mini-cuttings for commercial multiplication of hybrids on a massive scale and at low cost. [Objective]: The objective of the study was to determine the effect of different fertilizers and hormonal stimulants on the rooting ability of cuttings and subsequent growth of the resulting plants. [Methodology]: Mini-cuttings of three coffee hybrids were used, treated with different combinations of a biostimulant, a rooting powder, a formula based on multiminerals, vitamins and phytohormones, and three fertilizers (NP, ZnP, hydroponic solution), and set to root in plastic tunnels with irrigation. Rooted plants were transplanted into bags for a 3-month nursery growth period. [Results]: The rooting phase concluded at 12 weeks, with a mean rooting percentage greater than 89 %, without differences between treatments or between hybrids. Significant differences were found between treatments for root length, with superiority of the combination of the rooting powder with the ZnP fertilizer. In the nursery phase, significant differences were found between treatments for plant height, fresh weight of aerial part, and fresh and dry root weight, highlighting in all cases the combinations of the rooting with the multimineral complex or with the ZnP fertilizer. The L12A28 hybrid stood out in almost all the variables evaluated. [Conclusions]: The study showed the importance of using auxinic and nutritional supplements during the rooting phase to optimize the performance of the plants in the nursery. Likewise, it showed the feasibility of the technique of rooting cuttings as a simple and efficient method for the multiplication of the hybrids.[Introdução]: No Centro Agronômico Tropical de Pesquisa e Educação (CATIE), busca-se otimizar a técnica hortícola de enraizar mini-cortadores de café para multiplicação comercial de híbridos em grande escala e a baixo custo. [Objetivo]: O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o efeito de diferentes fertilizantes e estimulantes hormonais no sucesso do enraizamento e no subsequente crescimento das plantas resultantes. [Metodologia]: Foram utilizadas miniestacas de três híbridos de café, tratadas com diferentes combinações de bioestimulante, agente de enraizamento, fórmula baseada em multiminerais, vitaminas e fitohormônios e três fertilizantes (NP, ZnP, solução hidropônica). que foram enraizados em túneis plásticos com irrigação. As plantas enraizadas foram transplantadas em sacos para um período de crescimento de 3 meses no viveiro. [Resultados]: A fase de enraizamento foi concluída em 12 semanas, com média geral superior a 89%, sem diferenças entre os tratamentos ou entre os híbridos. Diferenças significativas foram encontradas entre os tratamentos de comprimento radicular, com superioridade da combinação do enraizamento com o fertilizante ZnP. Na fase de viveiro, houve diferenças significativas entre os tratamentos para altura da planta, peso fresco da parte aérea e peso fresco e seco das raízes, conseguindo destacar, em todos os casos, as combinações do enraizamento com o complexo multimineral ou com o fertilizante ZnP O híbrido L12A28 se destacou em quase todas as variáveis ​​avaliadas. [Conclusões]: O estudo mostrou a importância do uso de suplementos auxínicos e nutricionais durante a fase de enraizamento para otimizar o desempenho das plantas no viveiro. Da mesma forma, a viabilidade da técnica, enraizamento de estacas, foi confirmada como um método simples e eficiente para a multiplicação de híbridos.[Introducción]: En el Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza (CATIE) se está buscando optimizar la técnica hortícola de enraizamiento de mini-estaquillas de café para la multiplicación comercial de híbridos a escala masiva y bajo costo. [Objetivo]: El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar el efecto de distintos fertilizantes y estimulantes hormonales sobre el éxito del enraizamiento y posterior crecimiento de las plantas resultantes. [Metodología]: Se utilizaron mini-estaquillas de tres híbridos de café, tratadas con distintas combinaciones de un bioestimulante, un enraizante, una fórmula a base de multiminerales, vitaminas y fitohormonas, y tres fertilizantes (NP, ZnP, solución hidropónica), las cuales fueron puestas a enraizar en túneles plásticos con irrigación. Las plantas enraizadas fueron trasplantadas a bolsas para un periodo de crecimiento en vivero de 3 meses. [Resultados]: La fase de enraizamiento concluyó a las 12 semanas, con un promedio general superior al 89 %, sin diferencias entre tratamientos ni entre híbridos. Se encontraron diferencias significativas entre tratamientos para longitud de raíces, con superioridad de la combinación del enraizante con el fertilizante ZnP. En la fase de vivero hubo diferencias significativas entre tratamientos para altura de plantas, peso fresco de parte aérea, y peso fresco y seco de raíces, logrando destacar, en todos los casos, las combinaciones del enraizante con el complejo de multiminerales o con el fertilizante ZnP. El híbrido L12A28 sobresalió en casi todas las variables evaluadas. [Conclusiones]: El estudio mostró la importancia del uso de complementos auxínicos y nutricionales durante la fase de enraizamiento para optimizar el desempeño de las plantas en vivero. Asimismo, se confirmó la factibilidad de la técnica, enraizamiento de estaquillas, como un método simple y eficiente para la multiplicación de los híbridos

EFECTO DEL ÁCIDO INDOLBUTÍRICO (AIB), PYRACLOSTROBIN (F-500) Y UN INOCULANTE BIOLÓGICO SOBRE EL ENRAIZAMIENTO Y CRECIMIENTO INICIAL DE ESTAQUILLAS DE TRES HÍBRIDOS F1 DE CAFÉ (Coffea arabica)

En el Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza, CATIE se utiliza la técnica de enraizamiento de estaquillas para la multiplicación de híbridos de café en corto tiempo y a bajo costo. En la búsqueda continua por mejorar el proceso, en este trabajo se evaluó el efecto de distintas combinaciones de AIB, un inoculante biológico y Pyraclostrobin (F 500), más un tratamiento convencional de nutrientes y estimuladores sobre el enraizamiento de esta- quillas de 3 híbridos F1 de café (L2A30, L4A5, L12A28) y su posterior desarrollo en vivero. La fase de enraizamiento se prolongó por 11 semanas, y al final de este periodo, no hubo dife- rencias significativas en porcentaje de enraiza- miento entre tratamientos ni entre híbridos, con porcentajes superiores al 80% en todos los casos. Tampoco hubo diferencias significativas entre tratamientos para las variables de número, longi- tud de raíces ni pesos de parte aérea y raíces. Los híbridos L2A30 y L12A28 fueron significativa- mente superiores al L4A5, en cuanto a número y longitud de raíces, peso fresco y seco de raíces y parte aérea. Las estaquillas fueron trasplantadas luego a bolsas con suelo para la fase de vivero, para un periodo de crecimiento de 3 meses. Al final de esta fase, el tratamiento convencional y las combinaciones AIB + inoculante biológico y AIB + Pyraclostrobin (F 500) fueron superiores significativamente en cuanto a altura de planta y número de hojas. Los híbridos L4A5 y L2A30 fueron superiores significativamente al L12A28 en cuanto a altura total y número de hojas, mien- tras que el L2A30 y el L12A28, mostraron mayor diámetro basal que el L4A5. Se logró la multi- plicación de los híbridos seleccionados a escala masiva y a bajo costo

Vegetative propagation of Manilkara bidentata (A.DC.) A.Chev. using mini-tunnels in the Peruvian Amazon region

Aim of the study: Manilkara bidentata (A.DC.) A.Chev. (‘quinilla’) is a Neotropical tree highly threatened by extensive agricultural practices and climate change, resulting in a substantial reduction of natural stands and seed availability. Commercially, the propagation through seeds of this species is severely impeded by a low germination rate. Vegetative propagation could be an alternative tool for overcoming this limitation. This study aims to evaluate the vegetative propagation of M. bidentata by rooted cuttings using mini-tunnels in the Amazon. Study area: National University of San Martín, Tarapoto, Region of San Martín, Peru. Forested areas at three localities in the Picota province and two localities in the Bellavista province, San Martín Region, were visited for the selection of plus trees and collection of epicormic shoots from stumps. Materials and methods: the study was performed on leaf areas of 0, 50, and 100% with indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) treatments of 0, 3000, and 6000 ppm, for 9 treatments combinations. The experiment consisted of 3 mini-tunnels, with 3 growth trays established on each mini-tunnel, and 16 cuttings established on each tray (and per treatment), for a total of 144 cuttings. Main results: after 55 days, the best scores in rooting rates (75%), number of roots (3.88), root length (3.26 cm), and budding percentage (94%) were obtained for the combination of 50% leaf area left with 3000 ppm of IBA. Research highlights: we propose the technique of mini-tunnel as a tool for the cloning, rescue, and germplam conservation of M. bidentata