Entrepreneurship as social policy: A case study of the United Arab Emirates

While many different types of entrepreneurship have been identified in the literature, each type shares one feature in common – the profit motive. Entrepreneurship is generally seen as contributing to the economic development of a country. However, it will be argued that entrepreneurship can be used for social policy, with economic policy a secondary issue. The discussion uses the United Arab Emirates as an example of the potential use of entrepreneurship as social policy

Caravaggism : Madrid, London, Dublin and Edinburgh

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Equality is Not Necessarily Just: Toward a Procedural and Relational View of Evironmental Justice

This paper is the latest in a series of articles written to conceptualize an alternative to the distributive paradigm espoused by the environmental justice movement. It is clear that early studies such as the "Toxic Waste and Race in the United States: A National Report on the Racial and Socio-Economic Characteristics of Communities with Hazardous Waste Sites" prepared by the Commission for Racial Justice of the United Church of Christ exposed the potential our present model of environmental regulation has to create distributional inequities and forced policymakers to identify how the burdens as well as the benefits of environmental protection are spread among groups of persons.It is also clear to me that distributive theories of environmental justice are inadequate to justify a more just environmental policy or support the aims of the environmental justice movement. I share with Iris Marion Young a view that the distributive paradigm's implicit assumption that social judgments are about what individual person have, how much they have, and how that amount compares with what other persons have and the belief that this focus on possession is limiting. Distributive theories of justice tend to preclude thinking about what people are doing according to what institutionalized rules, how their doings and havings are structured by institutionalized relations that constitute their positions, and how the combined effects of their doings has recursive effects on their lives. What I attempt to do in this paper is to shift the focus of the discussion away from the distribution and on the decision-making structures and procedures which determine what there is to distribute, how it gets distributed, who distributes and what the distributive outcome is. To paraphrase Ms. Young, environmental injustice occurs not simply because some persons have cleaner air and water than others' environmental injustice derives as much from the corporate and legal structures and procedures that give some persons the power to make decisions that affect millions of other people

Histochemical studies of the secretory processes in bovine salivary glands : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science at Massey University /

Salivary glands from 12 bovine animals were dissected, weighed and sampled for histological examination. The total salivary gland weight was positively correlated with body weight but there were not normally consistent differences between the weights of left and right glands. However, in animals that had chronic re-entrant cannulations of the left parotid and mandibular ducts, the ipsilateral glands were always lighter. The histological features of salivary glands and the histochemical reactivity of their secretory and duct cells were examined. Parotid gland secretory endpieces were elongated and their individual cells contained PAS+ve granules. These cells were shown by immunohistochemistry to be the site of protein secretion and thus were classified as proteoserous cells. Chronic parotid duct cannulation in association with duct obstruction caused dilation of the secretory endpiece lumens and degenerative changes within the endpiece cells. Intralobular duct cells contained PAS+ve granules which may be the secretory component that is associated with secretory IgA. Variable numbers of intrastriated duct cells occured in the parotid glands of different animals and in retrospect, this was found to correlate positively with the animals known susceptibility to bloat. The parotid excretory duct contained many goblet cells which contribute a small amount of mucosubstance to the proteoserous secretion. Secretory endpieces of the mandibular gland were composed of mucous cells which were PAS, AY and weakly AB+ve and demilune cells which were PAS and AB+ve as well as acidophilic and pyroninophilic. Clumps of plasma cells were observed in the intralobular connective tissue. The effect of obstruction of chronic duct cannulation on the mandibular gland was to dilate endpiece and intralobular duct lumens, cause degenerative changes in mucous and demilune cells and increase the numbers of small lymphocytes, PMN neutrophils and mast cells in the connective tissues of the gland. By contrast with the excretory duct of the parotid, that of the mandibular contained no goblet cells but simply a stratified columnar epithelium. Mucous cells of the sublingual gland were PAS+ve, AY+ve and weakly AB+ve and arranged into long tubular endpieces. The demilune cells contained abundant PAS+ve, AB+ve, AY-ve granules. Many plasma cells were present in the connective tissue between the secretory endpieces and around the intralobular and interlobular ducts. In animals with chronic cannulations of parotid and mandibular glands the ispilateral sublingual gland weighed less than the contralateral gland. The posterior tongue, soft palate, pharynx and the lingual aspect of the epiglottis contained extensive areas of glandular tissue. The secretory endpieces consisted of a high proportion of mucous cells and a few scattered proteoserous demilune cells. The glandular tissue of the epiglottis contained abundant plasma cells in the intralobular connective tissue. Based on their histochemical reactivity the demilune cells of the intermediate buccal glands produced a purely serous secretion. In addition, the intermediate and dorsal buccal glands contained many AB, AY and PAS+ve mucous producing cells. The labial glands were small, scattered lobules of secretory tissue found at the labial commisures. The glandular lobules were composed of tubular secretory endpieces capped with large proteoserous demilune cells which were AY-ve, PAS+ve, strongly acidophilic and pyroninophilic. Large numbers of plasma cells were found in the connective tissues within and around the secretory tissue

Book review of Natasha T. Seaman: "The Religious Paintings of Hendrick ter Brugghen. Reinventing Christian Painting after the Reformation in Utrecht." Ashgate, Farnham, 2012.

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How should central banks reduce inflation? - Conceptual issues

In remarks made before the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City's 1996 symposium, Achieving Price Stability, Mr. King discussed how quickly a central bank should reduce inflation to its desired level following an inflationary episode. He argued that a central bank is unlikely to wish to move immediately to price stability, since there are costs to disinflation and these costs increase more than proportionally with the rate of disinflation. These costs, which arise because economic agents have to learn about the central bank's commitment to price stability, also mean that a central bank may wish to react to shocks to output as well as to inflation. But Mr. King stressed that any such response should be cautious in the period in which the private sector is still learning about the central bank's commitment to price stability.Banks and banking, Central ; Inflation (Finance)

Neuroprotective Properties of Xenon.

Xenon is a rare noble gas that was introduced into clinical practice more than 70 years ago. Xenon's clinical properties are predicated by its ability to fit into preformed cavities of macromolecules thereby altering their biological functions. One such action targets the NMDA-subtype of the glutamate receptors thereby inhibiting its excitatory action. As the glutamate receptors are pivotal for both anesthesia and acute neurological injury, its clinical use has included both general anesthesia as well as neuroprotection. In this manuscript, the efficacy and safety of xenon in clinical trials that address both the anesthetic and neuroprotective applications are discussed. Because of the clinical safety of this chemically inert monatomic gas, the lack of an alternative for neuroprotection, and encouraging phase 2 trial data, a multinational pivotal randomized clinical trial (XePOHCAS) has been launched to assess the utility of xenon for patients that have been successfully resuscitated following an out of hospital cardiac arrest but still remain comatose, indicating ongoing neurological ischemic-perfusion injury. If successful, the trial will herald a new era of treatments for previously intractable conditions such as traumatic brain injury, ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes, and anesthetic-induced developmental neurotoxicity

Monetary policy in the UK

I was delighted to be asked to give the IFS Annual Lecture for 1994, not least because of my own connections with the Institute. These began with my participation in the meetings of IFS, and continued as a member of the Meade Committee in the 1970s. The work of that Committee — led by James Meade and Donald Ironside — proved to be one of the formative experiences of my professional career and led to my collaboration with John Kay on our book, The British Tax System. The Meade Committee Report represented a turning-point in the history of IFS, and since then it has gone from strength to strength under the successive leadership of Dick Taverne, John Kay, Bill Robinson and, now, Andrew Dilnot. I would like to take this opportunity to welcome the recent initiative to set up a Tax Law Review Committee. I know that IFS is seeking 50 sponsors to underwrite this venture, and I am happy to announce this evening that the Bank will be one of those 50.

An Index of Inequality: With Applications to Horizontal Equity and Social Mobility

An index of Inequality is constructed which decomposes into two components, corresponding to vertical and "horizontal" equity respectively. Horizontal equity Is defined in terms of changes in the ordering of a distribution. The proposed index is a function to two inequality aversion parameters. One empirical application is for comparison of a pre-tax distribution with a post-tax distribution, and an example of this is given for the distribution of incomes in the UK in 1977. There is a trade-off between "horizontal"and vertical equity, and for particular combinations of the inequality aversion parameters the original distribution will be preferred to the final distribution. The paper concludes with an application of the proposed index to a model of optimal taxation.