Chemical Diversity of Plant Cyanogenic Glycosides: An Overview of Reported Natural Products

Cyanogenic glycosides are an important and widespread class of plant natural products, which are however structurally less diverse than many other classes of natural products. So far, 112 naturally occurring cyanogenic glycosides have been described in the phytochemical literature. Currently, these unique compounds have been reported from more than 2500 plant species. Natural cyanogenic glycosides show variations regarding both the aglycone and the sugar part of the molecules. The predominant sugar moiety is glucose but many substitution patterns of this glucose moiety exist in nature. Regarding the aglycone moiety, four different basic classes can be distinguished, aliphatic, cyclic, aromatic, and heterocyclic aglycones. Our overview covers all cyanogenic glycosides isolated from plants and includes 33 compounds with a non-cyclic aglycone, 20 cyclopentane derivatives, 55 natural products with an aromatic aglycone, and four dihydropyridone derivatives. In the following sections, we will provide an overview about the chemical diversity known so far and mention the first source from which the respective compounds had been isolated. This review will serve as a first reference for researchers trying to find new cyanogenic glycosides and highlights some gaps in the knowledge about the exact structures of already described compounds

PENGOLAHAN LIMBAH ORGANIK RUMAH TANGGA SEBAGAI PUPUK ORGANIK CAIR DI KABUPATEN PANDEGLANG

The waste problem was one of the priorities of the local government. The waste sorting business started from the beginning, but the management and reprocessing of waste was a separate homework from the Environment Agency. The Untirta Community Service Team offered the processing of organik waste into Liquid Organik Fertilizer (POC) through a fermentation process with the used of EM4. The fermentation process for 7-15 days produced POC which has essential nutrients needed by plants. Giving 1:1 POC to plants increased more fruit and increased color brightness in ornamental plants. Socialization and training activities were carried out in 2 farmer groups in Pandeglang Regency. Direct practice of making POCs and the team giving POCs to participants so that they can be applied directly in their respective places. The socialization activities were supported by the village government and support from the Pandeglang Regency Agricultural Extension Center

Synthesis of Lactic Acid from Molasses by Lactobacillus acidophilus Using a Batch Fermentation Process

Lactic acid is a chemical with widespread applications, mainly in pharmaceutical, cosmetic, chemical as well as food industries. One of the major uses of lactic acid is the polylactic acid (PLA) feedstock which is biodegradable and biocompatible as an alternative to plastic derived from fossil fuels. Efforts continue to be made to reduce the cost of producing PLA in order to compete with the conventional petrochemical-based plastics. This include the use of molasses as a raw material because it is cheap and contains high glucose. The purpose of this study was to obtain cell concentrations through the addition of starter volume that produces high concentrations of lactic acid and to obtain the growth kinetics of Lactobacillus acidophilus during the fermentation process. This study was conducted in several stages; the design of bioreactors, inoculation of Lactobacillus acidophilus, and fermentation of molasses. In a batch system, molasses substrate was directly inserted as much as 500 ml in the fermentor and the addition of starter volume of Lactobacillus acidophilus was 1; 3; 5 dan 10% v/v. The fermentation of molasses for 72 hours and the product was analysed every 8 hours.  The highest concentration of lactic acid produced in batch fermented molasses was added to 5% (v/v) starter volume with 72 hours of fermentation time, which was 23.1 mg/L, with value the carrying-capacity coefficient (k) and the maximum net specific growth rate (µnet) were 0.2379 h-1 and 0.0160 h-1 respectively

PENGOLAHAN LIMBAH ORGANIK RUMAH TANGGA SEBAGAI PUPUK ORGANIK CAIR DI KABUPATEN PANDEGLANG

The waste problem was one of the priorities of the local government. The waste sorting business started from the beginning, but the management and reprocessing of waste was a separate homework from the Environment Agency. The Untirta Community Service Team offered the processing of organik waste into Liquid Organik Fertilizer (POC) through a fermentation process with the used of EM4. The fermentation process for 7-15 days produced POC which has essential nutrients needed by plants. Giving 1:1 POC to plants increased more fruit and increased color brightness in ornamental plants. Socialization and training activities were carried out in 2 farmer groups in Pandeglang Regency. Direct practice of making POCs and the team giving POCs to participants so that they can be applied directly in their respective places. The socialization activities were supported by the village government and support from the Pandeglang Regency Agricultural Extension Center

Acrylic Acid Neutralization for Enhancing the Production of Grafted Chitosan Superabsorbent Hydrogel

Acrylic acid is a hydrophilic monomer which becomes the most popular material used to synthesize superabsorbent polymer. In this recent study, acrylic acid was partially neutralized with KOH and mixed with chitosan to form a superabsorbent hydrogel poly (acrylic acid) – graft – chitosan by using of gamma ray irradiation technique. The aim of this study was to determine the optimum composition of KOH in acrylic acid partial neutralization process for enhancing the production of grafted polymer. The degree of neutralization was varied (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100)% and the effect on the superabsorbent characteristics were studied. Hydrogel products were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The gel content, swelling ratio, Equilibrium Degree of Swelling (EDS), and Thermal Analysis were also performed. The highest water swelling capacity was 715 (g water/g dry hydrogel), and the gel content was 91.23%, resulted from 75% of acrylic acid neutralization. The swelling capacity of the products was also tested in urea and NaCl solutions and reached 750 (g urea solution/g dry hydrogel) for urea and 378,33 (g NaCl solution/g dry hydrogel) for NaCl. The huge water absorption capacity indicated that the hydrogel from this research was a superabsorbent product which was suitable for hygiene products application. The degree of neutralization did not show a significant influence on the thermal resistance of the grafted hydrogel produced in this study

Chemical Diversity of Plant Cyanogenic Glycosides: An Overview of Reported Natural Products

Cyanogenic glycosides are an important and widespread class of plant natural products, which are however structurally less diverse than many other classes of natural products. So far, 112 naturally occurring cyanogenic glycosides have been described in the phytochemical literature. Currently, these unique compounds have been reported from more than 2500 plant species. Natural cyanogenic glycosides show variations regarding both the aglycone and the sugar part of the molecules. The predominant sugar moiety is glucose but many substitution patterns of this glucose moiety exist in nature. Regarding the aglycone moiety, four different basic classes can be distinguished, aliphatic, cyclic, aromatic, and heterocyclic aglycones. Our overview covers all cyanogenic glycosides isolated from plants and includes 33 compounds with a non-cyclic aglycone, 20 cyclopentane derivatives, 55 natural products with an aromatic aglycone, and four dihydropyridone derivatives. In the following sections, we will provide an overview about the chemical diversity known so far and mention the first source from which the respective compounds had been isolated. This review will serve as a first reference for researchers trying to find new cyanogenic glycosides and highlights some gaps in the knowledge about the exact structures of already described compounds

Synthesis of polyvinyl alcohol-based polymer hydrogel as water holding in sandy soil using gamma radiation technique and its application for urea loading

Hydrogel loading urea has dual functions, namely retaining water and releasing urea in a controlled manner so it can be applied to sandy soil. This study aimed to examine the effect of different additives (CMC and chitosan) in preparing PVA-based hydrogels on the hydrogel properties and characteristics. In the hydrogel preparation, the PVA solution at various concentrations was mixed with chitosan and CMC solutions. The mixture was then irradiated using gamma rays to produce hydrogel. Then, the hydrogel was dried and crushed for analysis. The results showed that PVA/chitosan-based hydrogels had swelling of 7.75–25.16 g/g, water holding of 63.43–65.27 %, water retention of 22.45–26.81 % for 5 days, and urea loading of 76.50–81.43 %. Meanwhile, PVA/CMC-based hydrogels had swelling of 4.75–36.29 g/g, water holding of 63.92–65.74 %, water retention of 31.59–33.88 % for 5 days, and urea loading of 67.21–84.44 %. The PVA/CMC-based hydrogel had a lower crystallinity percentage and smoother surface morphology than the PVA/chitosan-based hydrogel

Chitosan-Graft-Poly(acrylic acid) Superabsorbent’s Water Holding in Sandy Soils and Its Application in Agriculture

Sandy soil has a low ability to absorb and store low water, low nutrient content, and a high water evaporation rate, so it is not suitable to be used as agricultural land. Superabsorbents can be used to overcome these weaknesses. The purpose of this study was to measure the abilities of the superabsorbents, including water holding, swelling, and water retention of sandy soil enriched with superabsorbent, and to analyze the chitosan-graft-poly(acrylic acid) superabsorbent characteristics. The superabsorbent was prepared by mixing a chitosan solution with ammonium persulfate as an initiator and acrylic acid, which had been neutralized with KOH. Then, the mixture was cross-linked with N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide (MBA). The resulting superabsorbent gel was dried in an oven and then crushed for analysis. The results showed that an increase in chitosan concentration increased the gel fraction, swelling, reusability, and water holding. Meanwhile, an increase in chitosan concentration decreased water retention in sandy soils. The swelling kinetics can be predicted using the pseudo-second-order model with high accuracy (R2 value of 0.99)