A, B) Kidney of chromium treated rat showing positivity for PCNA expression in the nuclei of the hyperplastic tubular epithelial cells (X400).

<p>A, B) Kidney of chromium treated rat showing positivity for PCNA expression in the nuclei of the hyperplastic tubular epithelial cells (X400).</p

A Brain-Targeted Approach to Ameliorate Memory Disorders in a Sporadic Alzheimer&rsquo;s Disease Mouse Model via Intranasal Luteolin-Loaded Nanobilosomes

Impaired memory and cognitive function are the main features of Alzheimer&rsquo;s disease (AD). Unfortunately, currently available treatments cannot cure or delay AD progression. Moreover, the blood&ndash;brain barrier hampers effective delivery of treatment to the brain. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the impact of intranasally delivered luteolin on AD using bile-salt-based nano-vesicles (bilosomes). Different bilosomes were prepared using 23-factorial design. The variables were defined by the concentration of surfactant, the molar ratio of cholesterol:phospholipid, and the concentration of bile salt. Results demonstrated optimized luteolin-loaded bilosomes with particle size (153.2 &plusmn; 0.98 nm), zeta potential (&minus;42.8 &plusmn; 0.24 mV), entrapment efficiency% (70.4 &plusmn; 0.77%), and % drug released after 8 h (80.0 &plusmn; 1.10%). In vivo experiments were conducted on an AD mouse model via intracerebroventricular injection of 3 mg/kg streptozotocin. We conducted behavioral, biochemical marker, histological, and immune histochemistry assays after administering a luteolin suspension or luteolin bilosomes (50 mg/kg) intranasally for 21 consecutive days. Luteolin bilosomes improved short-term and long-term spatial memory. They also exhibited antioxidant properties and reduced levels of proinflammatory mediators. They also suppressed both amyloid &beta; aggregation and hyperphosphorylated Tau protein levels in the hippocampus. In conclusion, luteolin bilosomes are an effective, safe, and non-invasive approach with superior cognitive function capabilities compared to luteolin suspension

Kidneys of chromium treated rats.

<p>Showing A) Swelling of the tubular lining epithelium with variable degrees of granular and vacuolar degeneration and single cell necrosis(H&E X400). B) Wide spread nuclear pyknosis among the tubular epithelium (H&E X400). C) Atrophy of the glomerular tufts with mesangeal necrosis (H&E X400). D) Thickening of the glomerular basement membrane (PAS X400). E) Interstitial nephritis, notice the congested blood vessels and focal mononuclear inflammatory infiltrates (H&E X400). F) Proliferative hyperplasia of the renal tubular epithelium that appeared basophilic with vesicular and basophilic nuclei (H&E X200).</p

The effect of SDD, spirulina and their co-administration on body weight gain of all treated groups.

<p>The effect of SDD, spirulina and their co-administration on body weight gain of all treated groups.</p

The effect of SDD, spirulina and their co administration on MDA and GSH contents in kidney tissue of all treated groups.

<p>The effect of SDD, spirulina and their co administration on MDA and GSH contents in kidney tissue of all treated groups.</p

The effect of SDD, spirulina and their co administration on catalase activity in kidney tissue of all treated groups.

<p>The effect of SDD, spirulina and their co administration on catalase activity in kidney tissue of all treated groups.</p

The effect of SDD, spirulina and their co-administration on chromium contents in blood and kidney tissue.

<p>The effect of SDD, spirulina and their co-administration on chromium contents in blood and kidney tissue.</p

The effect of SDD, spirulina and their co administration on serum urea and creatinine levels of all treated groups.

<p>The effect of SDD, spirulina and their co administration on serum urea and creatinine levels of all treated groups.</p

Novel <i>Siprulina platensis</i> Bilosomes for Combating UVB Induced Skin Damage

The recent interest in bioactive compounds from natural sources has led to the evolution of the skin care industry. Efforts to develop biologically active ingredients from natural sources have resulted in the emergence of enhanced skin care products. Spirulina (SPR), a nutritionally enriched cyanobacteria-type microalga, is rich in nutrients and phytochemicals. SPR possesses antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammatory activities. Spirulina-loaded bilosomes (SPR-BS), a novel antiaging drug delivery system, were designed for the first time by incorporation in a lecithin–bile salt-integrated system for bypassing skin delivery obstacles. The optimized BS had good entrapment efficiency, small particle size, optimal zeta potential, and sustained drug release pattern. Blank and SPR-loaded BS formulations were safe, with a primary irritancy index of <2 based on the Draize test. In vivo tests were conducted, and photoprotective antiaging effects were evaluated visually and biochemically by analyzing antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-wrinkling markers following ultraviolet (UV) B irradiation. Results of biochemical marker analysis and histopathological examination confirmed the superior antiaging effect of SPR-BS compared with SPR. Thus, SPR-loaded BS is a promising nanoplatform for SPR delivery, can be used for treating UV-induced skin damage, and offers maximum therapeutic outcomes