Oncological Safety of Skin-Sparing Mastectomy and Immediate Breast Reconstruction in Extensive Ductal Carcinoma In Situ

Introduction: Skin-sparing mastectomy (SSM) with immediate breast reconstruction is the ideal treatment for interested and suitable patients with extensive ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). There is no guideline to indicate on how large DCIS the procedure can be performed safely. The primary target of this study was to define the oncological safety of SSM in extensive pure DCIS. The secondary target was to find predictive factors for DCIS upstaging to invasive disease.Materials and methods: A total of 71 consecutive patients with extensive pure DCIS and undergoing SSM with immediate latissimus dorsi (LD) breast reconstruction were retrospectively evaluated. Results: The median size of DCIS lesion in preoperative imaging was 60 mm, the median weight of mastectomy specimen was 350 g, and the median resection margin (RM) was 2.0 mm. A total of 20 patients (28%) had an RM less than 0.5 mm and nine patients (13%) had ink positive margins. Six patients having positive RM underwent reoperation. A total of 29 patients (41%) presented invasive cancer foci in final histopathological assessment and nine patients (13%) had an axillary metastasis. Adjuvant therapy was given to 23 patients presenting invasive cancer. There were no local recurrences or distant metastases (0%, 95% confidence interval 0-0.051) during the mean follow-up of 71 mo. None of the factors evaluated predicted upstaging to invasive disease.Conclusions: SSM with immediate breast reconstruction in patients with extensive DCIS is oncologically safe even when the margins are close or positive. Additional invasive foci and solitary axillary lymph node metastases are frequent but do not worsen the outcome. (c) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).Peer reviewe

Same-day mastectomy and axillary lymph node dissection is safe for most patients with breast cancer

Background and Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety of same-day mastectomy, with or without a sentinel node biopsy (SNB) and/or axillary lymph node dissection (ALND). Methods In this retrospective study, we reviewed 913 consecutive women who underwent a simple mastectomy for breast cancer between the years 2014 and 2019 and were treated either with same-day surgery (SDS) or an overnight stay (OS) regime. We reviewed all surgical complications, any unplanned return to care (RTC) and the rehospitalization rate for 30 postoperative days. Results A total of 259 patients (28%) were treated with SDS and 654 patients (72%) with an OS regime. There was no difference in RTC (odds ratio: 0.79 [95% confidence interval: 0.53-1.18], p = 0.26) or any major complications between the groups. None of the investigated subgroups, such as patients with previous neoadjuvant therapy, diabetes, obesity (up to a body mass index of 40 kg/m(2)), the American Society of Anaesthesiologist Class of 3, or elderly patients aged 75-84 years, showed an increased complication rate when treated with the SDS regime. Conclusion A same-day simple mastectomy is safe with SNB and/or ALND. It can be performed safely for most patients with stable co-morbidities.Peer reviewe

Geenitieto muuttaa syöpäkirurgiaa

English summaryPeer reviewe

Kainalon tyhjennysleikkausta tarvitaan yhä harvemmin rintasyövän hoidossa

Vertaisarvioitu.Kainalon evakuaatio eli tyhjentäminen rasvasta ja imusolmukkeista oli aiemmin olennainen osa rintasyövän leikkaushoitoa, mutta sen rooli on vähentynyt merkittävästi. Vartijaimusolmukebiopsia on korvannut tyhjennysleikkauksen kainaloetäpesäkkeiden diagnosoinnissa. Kainalon kaikukuvaus ja sen yhteydessä otettava neulanäyte ovat nykyään osa rintasyövän diagnosointia. Kaikukuvauksen tarkoituksena on tunnistaa potilaat, joiden kainalossa on rintasyövän etäpesäkkeitä ja joille voidaan tehdä suoraan kainalon tyhjennysleikkaus ilman edeltävää vartijaimusolmukebiopsiaa. Kainalon tyhjennysleikkaus ei ole enää niidenkään potilaiden rutiinihoito, joiden vartijaimusolmukkeessa todetaan rintasyövän etäpesäke, vaan useimmiten hoidoksi riittää kainalon sädehoito ja joissakin tapauksissa pelkästään seuranta. Rintasyövän kainalokirurgian painopiste on siirtynyt yhä enemmän etäpesäkkeiden poistosta niiden diagnostiikkaan.Peer reviewe

Ultrasonic scissors decrease postoperative bleeding complications in mastectomy : A retrospective multicenter cohort study on 728 patients

Introduction: The aim of this study was to evaluate the rate of postoperative bleeding complications (primary outcome) and any other surgical complications (secondary outcome) in mastectomy between two surgical instruments, ultrasonic SonoSurg (R) scissors (US) and traditional electrocautery (EC). Materials and methods: In total 728 patients undergoing mastectomy in two adjacent university hospitals were retrospectively evaluated in terms of postoperative bleeding episodes, surgical site infections, skin flap necrosis, and any reoperations for 30 postoperative days. A propensity score matching was performed to acquire balanced groups. Patients consuming medications affecting hemostasis were excluded from the study. A multivariable logistic regression analysis was conducted to define the odds ratio (OR) for each complication separately. A cost analysis was performed. Results: The rate of postoperative bleeding complications was significantly lower in patients operated with US (0.3% vs 11.5%, OR 0.020, 95% CI 0.034-0.14) when compared to EC. The rate of surgical site infections (OR 0.65, 95% CI 0.35-1.23) was similar with both instruments, but there were less skin flap necroses (OR 0.35, 95% CI 0.13-0.98) in US group. For any reoperation, the OR for US was 0.13 (95% CI 0.046-0.39), mainly due to the lower number of acute bleeding complications. Even though the US instrument is more expensive than EC, the total cost of the treatment is lower in patients operated with US (3419 vs. 3475 euro). Conclusions: US seems to be associated with a lower risk of bleeding complications in mastectomy.(c) 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).Peer reviewe

Same-day mastectomy and axillary lymph node dissection is safe for most patients with breast cancer

Background and Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety of same-day mastectomy, with or without a sentinel node biopsy (SNB) and/or axillary lymph node dissection (ALND). Methods: In this retrospective study, we reviewed 913 consecutive women who underwent a simple mastectomy for breast cancer between the years 2014 and 2019 and were treated either with same-day surgery (SDS) or an overnight stay (OS) regime. We reviewed all surgical complications, any unplanned return to care (RTC) and the rehospitalization rate for 30 postoperative days. Results: A total of 259 patients (28%) were treated with SDS and 654 patients (72%) with an OS regime. There was no difference in RTC (odds ratio: 0.79 [95% confidence interval: 0.53-1.18], p = 0.26) or any major complications between the groups. None of the investigated subgroups, such as patients with previous neoadjuvant therapy, diabetes, obesity (up to a body mass index of 40 kg/m(2)), the American Society of Anaesthesiologist Class of 3, or elderly patients aged 75-84 years, showed an increased complication rate when treated with the SDS regime. Conclusion: A same-day simple mastectomy is safe with SNB and/or ALND. It can be performed safely for most patients with stable co-morbidities.</p

Global and regional burden of disease and injury in 2016 arising from occupational exposures : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Objectives This study provides an overview of the influence of occupational risk factors on the global burden of disease as estimated by the occupational component of the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2016 study. Methods The GBD 2016 study estimated the burden in terms of deaths and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) arising from the effects of occupational risk factors (carcinogens; asthmagens; particulate matter, gases and fumes (PMGF); secondhand smoke (SHS); noise; ergonomic risk factors for low back pain; risk factors for injury). A population attributable fraction (PAF) approach was used for most risk factors. Results In 2016, globally, an estimated 1.53 (95% uncertainty interval 1.39-1.68) million deaths and 76.1 (66.3-86.3) million DALYs were attributable to the included occupational risk factors, accounting for 2.8% of deaths and 3.2% of DALYs from all causes. Most deaths were attributable to PMGF, carcinogens (particularly asbestos), injury risk factors and SHS. Most DALYs were attributable to injury risk factors and ergonomic exposures. Men and persons 55 years or older were most affected. PAFs ranged from 26.8% for low back pain from ergonomic risk factors and 19.6% for hearing loss from noise to 3.4% for carcinogens. DALYs per capita were highest in Oceania, Southeast Asia and Central sub-Saharan Africa. On a per capita basis, between 1990 and 2016 there was an overall decrease of about 31% in deaths and 25% in DALYs. Conclusions Occupational exposures continue to cause an important health burden worldwide, justifying the need for ongoing prevention and control initiatives.Peer reviewe

Oncological Safety of Skin-Sparing Mastectomy and Immediate Breast Reconstruction in Extensive Ductal Carcinoma In Situ

IntroductionSkin-sparing mastectomy (SSM) with immediate breast reconstruction is the ideal treatment for interested and suitable patients with extensive ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). There is no guideline to indicate on how large DCIS the procedure can be performed safely. The primary target of this study was to define the oncological safety of SSM in extensive pure DCIS. The secondary target was to find predictive factors for DCIS upstaging to invasive disease.Materials and methodsA total of 71 consecutive patients with extensive pure DCIS and undergoing SSM with immediate latissimus dorsi (LD) breast reconstruction were retrospectively evaluated.ResultsThe median size of DCIS lesion in preoperative imaging was 60 mm, the median weight of mastectomy specimen was 350 g, and the median resection margin (RM) was 2.0 mm. A total of 20 patients (28%) had an RM less than 0.5 mm and nine patients (13%) had ink positive margins. Six patients having positive RM underwent reoperation. A total of 29 patients (41%) presented invasive cancer foci in final histopathological assessment and nine patients (13%) had an axillary metastasis. Adjuvant therapy was given to 23 patients presenting invasive cancer. There were no local recurrences or distant metastases (0%, 95% confidence interval 0-0.051) during the mean follow-up of 71 mo. None of the factors evaluated predicted upstaging to invasive disease.ConclusionsSSM with immediate breast reconstruction in patients with extensive DCIS is oncologically safe even when the margins are close or positive. Additional invasive foci and solitary axillary lymph node metastases are frequent but do not worsen the outcome.</p

Global, regional, and national burden of neurological disorders, 1990-2016 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Background Neurological disorders are increasingly recognised as major causes of death and disability worldwide. The aim of this analysis from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2016 is to provide the most comprehensive and up-to-date estimates of the global, regional, and national burden from neurological disorders. Methods We estimated prevalence, incidence, deaths, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs; the sum of years of life lost [YLLs] and years lived with disability [YLDs]) by age and sex for 15 neurological disorder categories (tetanus, meningitis, encephalitis, stroke, brain and other CNS cancers, traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, motor neuron diseases, idiopathic epilepsy, migraine, tension-type headache, and a residual category for other less common neurological disorders) in 195 countries from 1990 to 2016. DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression tool, was the main method of estimation of prevalence and incidence, and the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm) was used for mortality estimation. We quantified the contribution of 84 risks and combinations of risk to the disease estimates for the 15 neurological disorder categories using the GBD comparative risk assessment approach. Findings Globally, in 2016, neurological disorders were the leading cause of DALYs (276 million [95% UI 247-308]) and second leading cause of deaths (9.0 million [8.8-9.4]). The absolute number of deaths and DALYs from all neurological disorders combined increased (deaths by 39% [34-44] and DALYs by 15% [9-21]) whereas their age-standardised rates decreased (deaths by 28% [26-30] and DALYs by 27% [24-31]) between 1990 and 2016. The only neurological disorders that had a decrease in rates and absolute numbers of deaths and DALYs were tetanus, meningitis, and encephalitis. The four largest contributors of neurological DALYs were stroke (42.2% [38.6-46.1]), migraine (16.3% [11.7-20.8]), Alzheimer's and other dementias (10.4% [9.0-124]), and meningitis (7.9% [6.6-10.4]). For the combined neurological disorders, age-standardised DALY rates were significantly higher in males than in females (male-to-female ratio 1.12 [1.05-1.20]), but migraine, multiple sclerosis, and tension-type headache were more common and caused more burden in females, with male-to-female ratios of less than 0.7. The 84 risks quantified in GBD explain less than 10% of neurological disorder DALY burdens, except stroke, for which 88.8% (86.5-90.9) of DALYs are attributable to risk factors, and to a lesser extent Alzheimer's disease and other dementias (22.3% [11.8-35.1] of DALYs are risk attributable) and idiopathic epilepsy (14.1% [10.8-17.5] of DALYs are risk attributable). Interpretation Globally, the burden of neurological disorders, as measured by the absolute number of DALYs, continues to increase. As populations are growing and ageing, and the prevalence of major disabling neurological disorders steeply increases with age, governments will face increasing demand for treatment, rehabilitation, and support services for neurological disorders. The scarcity of established modifiable risks for most of the neurological burden demonstrates that new knowledge is required to develop effective prevention and treatment strategies. Copyright (C) The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.Peer reviewe

Health sector spending and spending on HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria, and development assistance for health : progress towards Sustainable Development Goal 3

Background Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 3 aims to "ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages". While a substantial effort has been made to quantify progress towards SDG3, less research has focused on tracking spending towards this goal. We used spending estimates to measure progress in financing the priority areas of SDG3, examine the association between outcomes and financing, and identify where resource gains are most needed to achieve the SDG3 indicators for which data are available. Methods We estimated domestic health spending, disaggregated by source (government, out-of-pocket, and prepaid private) from 1995 to 2017 for 195 countries and territories. For disease-specific health spending, we estimated spending for HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis for 135 low-income and middle-income countries, and malaria in 106 malaria-endemic countries, from 2000 to 2017. We also estimated development assistance for health (DAH) from 1990 to 2019, by source, disbursing development agency, recipient, and health focus area, including DAH for pandemic preparedness. Finally, we estimated future health spending for 195 countries and territories from 2018 until 2030. We report all spending estimates in inflation-adjusted 2019 US$, unless otherwise stated. Findings Since the development and implementation of the SDGs in 2015, global health spending has increased, reaching$7.9 trillion (95% uncertainty interval 7.8-8.0) in 2017 and is expected to increase to $11.0 trillion (10.7-11.2) by 2030. In 2017, in low-income and middle-income countries spending on HIV/AIDS was$20.2 billion (17.0-25.0) and on tuberculosis it was $10.9 billion (10.3-11.8), and in malaria-endemic countries spending on malaria was$5.1 billion (4.9-5.4). Development assistance for health was $40.6 billion in 2019 and HIV/AIDS has been the health focus area to receive the highest contribution since 2004. In 2019,$374 million of DAH was provided for pandemic preparedness, less than 1% of DAH. Although spending has increased across HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria since 2015, spending has not increased in all countries, and outcomes in terms of prevalence, incidence, and per-capita spending have been mixed. The proportion of health spending from pooled sources is expected to increase from 81.6% (81.6-81.7) in 2015 to 83.1% (82.8-83.3) in 2030. Interpretation Health spending on SDG3 priority areas has increased, but not in all countries, and progress towards meeting the SDG3 targets has been mixed and has varied by country and by target. The evidence on the scale-up of spending and improvements in health outcomes suggest a nuanced relationship, such that increases in spending do not always results in improvements in outcomes. Although countries will probably need more resources to achieve SDG3, other constraints in the broader health system such as inefficient allocation of resources across interventions and populations, weak governance systems, human resource shortages, and drug shortages, will also need to be addressed. Copyright (C) 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.Peer reviewe