Adverse events during a 3 months exercise intervention for patients with major depressive disorder.

<p>Data are presented as number of cases (% of total available at follow-up).</p><p>Abbreviation: HAM-D₁₇ – Hamilton depression rating scale with 17 items.</p

Flow diagram for the DEMO-II trial.

<p>Flow diagram for the DEMO-II trial.</p

DEMO-II Trial. Aerobic Exercise versus Stretching Exercise in Patients with Major Depression—A Randomised Clinical Trial

<div><h3>Background</h3><p>The effect of referring patients from a clinical setting to a pragmatic exercise intervention for depressive symptoms, cognitive function, and metabolic variables has yet to be determined.</p> <h3>Methods</h3><p>Outpatients with major depression (DSM-IV) were allocated to supervised aerobic or stretching exercise groups during a three months period. The primary outcome was the Hamilton depression score (HAM-D₁₇). Secondary outcomes were cognitive function, cardiovascular risk markers, and employment related outcomes.</p> <h3>Results</h3><p>56 participants were allocated to the aerobic exercise intervention versus 59 participants to the stretching exercise group. Post intervention the mean difference between groups was −0.78 points on the HAM-D₁₇ (95% CI −3.2 to 1.6; <em>P</em> = .52). At follow-up, the participants in the aerobic exercise group had higher maximal oxygen uptake (mean difference 4.4 l/kg/min; 95% CI 1.7 to 7.0; <em>P</em> = .001) and visuospatial memory on Rey’s Complex Figure Test (mean difference 3.2 points; 95% CI 0.9 to 5.5; <em>P</em> = .007) and lower blood glucose levels (mean difference 0.2 mmol/l; 95% CI 0.0 to 0.5; <em>P</em> = .04) and waist circumference (mean difference 2.2 cm; 95% CI 0.3 to 4.1; <em>P</em> = .02) compared with the stretching exercise group.</p> <h3>Conclusions</h3><p>The results of this trial does not support any antidepressant effect of referring patients with major depression to a three months aerobic exercise program. Due to lower recruitment than anticipated, the trial was terminated prior to reaching the pre-defined sample size of 212 participants; therefore the results should be interpreted in that context. However, the DEMO-II trial does suggest that an exercise program for patients with depression offer positive short-term effects on maximal oxygen uptake, visuospatial memory, fasting glucose levels, and waist circumference.</p> <h3>Trial Registration</h3><p>ClinicalTrials.gov <a href="http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/ISRCTN64117538/">NCT00695552</a></p> </div

Patients with depression randomly allocated to an aerobic exercise group or a stretching exercise control group in a three months exercise intervention.

<p>Post intervention. Data are presented with estimated mean (SD) unless stated otherwise. Estimation of missing data was performed using a maximum likelihood approach for continuous data and multiple imputations for dichotomous data. P values <0.05 are shown in bold. Abbreviations: HAM-D₁₇/HAM-D₆ – Hamilton depression scale with 17 or 6 Items; BDI – Beck’s Depression Inventory II; WHO-5 – World Health Organisation’s well being index; Buschke’s SRT – Buschke’s Selective Reminding Test; RCFT – Rey’s Complex Figure Test; VO_{2 max} – maximal oxygen uptake; HDL – high density lipoproteins; Quicki – Quantitative insulin sensitivity index; hsCRP – high sensitive C reactive Protein; BP – blood pressure.</p

Characteristics of participants at baseline.

<p>Data are presented with mean (SD) unless stated otherwise.</p><p>Abbreviations: HAM-D₁₇/HAM-D₆ – Hamilton depression scale with 17 or 6 Items; BDI – Beck’s Depression Inventory II; WHO-5 – World Health Organisation’s well being index; IQR – interquartile range; Buschke’s SRT – Buschke’s Selective Reminding Test; RCFT – Rey’s Complex Figure Test; VO_{2 max} – maximal oxygen uptake; QUICKI – Quantitative insulin sensitivity index; hsCRP – high sensitive C reactive Protein.</p

Incidence rate ratios (IRR) of schizophrenia and child psychiatric disorders according to the temporal associations to a parental cancer diagnosis, adjusted for sex, age, and calendar period, Denmark, 1978-2011.

<p>Incidence rate ratios (IRR) of schizophrenia and child psychiatric disorders according to the temporal associations to a parental cancer diagnosis, adjusted for sex, age, and calendar period, Denmark, 1978-2011.</p

Incidence rate ratios (IRR) subdivided by type of ICD-10 child psychiatric disorders in offspring to parents with lung cancer, adjusted for sex, age, and calendar period, Denmark, 1994-2011.

<p>Incidence rate ratios (IRR) subdivided by type of ICD-10 child psychiatric disorders in offspring to parents with lung cancer, adjusted for sex, age, and calendar period, Denmark, 1994-2011.</p

Characteristics of the population-based cohorts with schizophrenia and child psychiatric disorders in Denmark, 1978-2011.

<p>Characteristics of the population-based cohorts with schizophrenia and child psychiatric disorders in Denmark, 1978-2011.</p

Incidence rate ratios (IRR) of child psychiatric disorders in offspring to parents with cancer, adjusted for sex, age, and calendar period, Denmark, 1978-2011.

<p>¹ Cancer in the buccal cavity, esophagus, pancreas, larynx, kidney and bladder.</p

Incidence rate ratios (IRR) of schizophrenia in offspring to parents with cancer, adjusted for sex, age, and calendar period, Denmark, 1978-2011.

<p>¹ Cancer in the buccal cavity, esophagus, pancreas, larynx, kidney and bladder.</p