Ischemic preconditioning does not acutely improve load-insensitive parameters of contractility in in vivo stunned porcine myocardium

AbstractObjective: Ischemic preconditioning has been shown to have no beneficial effect on segment shortening in in vivo regionally stunned myocardium. The purpose of this study was to determine whether ischemic preconditioning improves the recovery of postischemic ventricular function when contractility is assessed by load-insensitive measurements including end-systolic pressure length relations, preload recruitable stroke work, and preload recruitable stroke work area in in vivo regionally stunned porcine myocardium. Methods: Open chest, pentobarbital-anesthetized pigs were used. Regional ventricular function was monitored by measurements of segment shortening, stroke work, end systolic pressure length relations, preload recruitable stroke work, and preload recruitable stroke work area. The control group was submitted to 15 minutes of left anterior descending coronary artery occlusion and 3 hours of reperfusion. The preconditioned group underwent 2 cycles of 5-minute left anterior descending coronary artery occlusion and 10-minute reperfusion before 15 minutes of occlusion. Results: There was no infarct in either group. The preconditioning protocol significantly depressed preischemic segment shortening but not regional stroke work. Ischemic preconditioning had no significant beneficial effect on regional stroke work, end-systolic pressure length relations, preload recruitable stroke work, or preload recruitable stroke work area. Conclusions: These results confirm that ischemic preconditioning does not ameliorate in vivo porcine myocardial stunning and indicate that ischemic preconditioning may have a limited cardioprotective role during cardiac operation. (J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1999;117:810-7

Autophagy: an affair of the heart

Whether an element of routine housekeeping or in the setting of imminent disaster, it is a good idea to get one’s affairs in order. Autophagy, the process of recycling organelles and protein aggregates, is a basal homeostatic process and an evolutionarily conserved response to starvation and other forms of metabolic stress. Our understanding of the role of autophagy in the heart is changing rapidly as new information becomes available. This review examines the role of autophagy in the heart in the setting of cardioprotection, hypertrophy, and heart failure. Contradictory findings are reconciled in light of recent developments. The preponderance of evidence favors a beneficial role for autophagy in the heart under most conditions

Myocardial hypothermia increases autophagic flux, mitochondrial mass and myocardial function after ischemia-reperfusion injury.

Animal studies have demonstrated beneficial effects of therapeutic hypothermia on myocardial function, yet exact mechanisms remain unclear. Impaired autophagy leads to heart failure and mitophagy is important for mitigating ischemia/reperfusion injury. This study aims to investigate whether the beneficial effects of therapeutic hypothermia are due to preserved autophagy and mitophagy. Under general anesthesia, the left anterior descending coronary artery of 19 female farm pigs was occluded for 90 minutes with consecutive reperfusion. 30 minutes after reperfusion, we performed pericardial irrigation with warm or cold saline for 60 minutes. Myocardial tissue analysis was performed one and four weeks after infarction. Therapeutic hypothermia induced a significant increase in autophagic flux, mitophagy, mitochondrial mass and function in the myocardium after infarction. Cell stress, apoptosis, inflammation as well as fibrosis were reduced, with significant preservation of systolic and diastolic function four weeks post infarction. We found similar biochemical changes in human samples undergoing open chest surgery under hypothermic conditions when compared to the warm. These results suggest that autophagic flux and mitophagy are important mechanisms implicated in cardiomyocyte recovery after myocardial infarction under hypothermic conditions. New therapeutic strategies targeting these pathways directly could lead to improvements in prevention of heart failure

Autophagy Induced by Ischemic Preconditioning is Essential for Cardioprotection

Based on growing evidence linking autophagy to preconditioning, we tested the hypothesis that autophagy is necessary for cardioprotection conferred by ischemic preconditioning (IPC). We induced IPC with three cycles of 5 min regional ischemia alternating with 5 min reperfusion and assessed the induction of autophagy in mCherry-LC3 transgenic mice by imaging of fluorescent autophagosomes in cryosections. We found a rapid and significant increase in the number of autophagosomes in the risk zone of the preconditioned hearts. In Langendorff-perfused hearts subjected to an IPC protocol of 3 × 5 min ischemia, we also observed an increase in autophagy within 10 min, as assessed by Western blotting for p62 and cadaverine dye binding. To establish the role of autophagy in IPC cardioprotection, we inhibited autophagy with Tat-ATG5K130R, a dominant negative mutation of the autophagy protein Atg5. Cardioprotection by IPC was reduced in rat hearts perfused with recombinant Tat-ATG5K130R. To extend the potential significance of autophagy in cardioprotection, we also assessed three structurally unrelated cardioprotective agents—UTP, diazoxide, and ranolazine—for their ability to induce autophagy in HL-1 cells. We found that all three agents induced autophagy; inhibition of autophagy abolished their protective effect. Taken together, these findings establish autophagy as an end-effector in ischemic and pharmacologic preconditioning

Laser Microdissection of the Alveolar Duct Enables Single-Cell Genomic Analysis

Complex tissues such as the lung are composed of structural hierarchies such as alveoli, alveolar ducts, and lobules. Some structural units, such as the alveolar duct, appear to participate in tissue repair as well as the development of bronchioalveolar carcinoma. Here, we demonstrate an approach to conduct laser microdissection of the lung alveolar duct for single-cell PCR analysis. Our approach involved three steps. (1) The initial preparation used mechanical sectioning of the lung tissue with sufficient thickness to encompass the structure of interest. In the case of the alveolar duct, the precision-cut lung slices were 200 μm thick; the slices were processed using near-physiologic conditions to preserve the state of viable cells. (2) The lung slices were examined by transmission light microscopy to target the alveolar duct. The air-filled lung was sufficiently accessible by light microscopy that counterstains or fluorescent labels were unnecessary to identify the alveolar duct. (3) The enzymatic and microfluidic isolation of single cells allowed for the harvest of as few as several thousand cells for PCR analysis. Microfluidics based arrays were used to measure the expression of selected marker genes in individual cells to characterize different cell populations. Preliminary work suggests the unique value of this approach to understand the intra- and intercellular interactions within the regenerating alveolar duct

Forward and Reverse Genetics of Rapid-Cycling \u3cem\u3eBrassica oleracea\u3c/em\u3e

Seeds of rapid-cycling Brassica oleracea were mutagenized with the chemical mutagen, ethylmethane sulfonate. The reverse genetics technique, TILLING, was used on a sample population of 1,000 plants, to determine the mutation profile. The spectrum and frequency of mutations induced by ethylmethane sulfonate was similar to that seen in other diploid species such as Arabidopsis thaliana. These data indicate that the mutagenesis was effective and demonstrate that TILLING represents an efficient reverse genetic technique in B. oleracea that will become more valuable as increasing genomic sequence data become available for this species. The extensive duplication in the B. oleracea genome is believed to result in the genetic redundancy that has been important for the evolution of morphological diversity seen in today\u27s B. oleracea crops (broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cauliflower, cabbage, kale and kohlrabi). However, our forward genetic screens identified 120 mutants in which some aspect of development was affected. Some of these lines have been characterized genetically and in the majority of these, the mutant trait segregates as a recessive allele affecting a single locus. One dominant mutation (curly leaves) and one semi-dominant mutation (dwarf-like) were also identified. Allelism tests of two groups of mutants (glossy and dwarf) revealed that for some loci, multiple independent alleles have been identified. These data indicate that, despite genetic redundancy, mutation of many individual loci in B. oleracea results in distinct phenotypes

Translating novel strategies for cardioprotection: the Hatter Workshop Recommendations

Ischemic heart disease (IHD) is the leading cause of death worldwide. Novel cardioprotective strategies are therefore required to improve clinical outcomes in patients with IHD. Although a large number of novel cardioprotective strategies have been discovered in the research laboratory, their translation to the clinical setting has been largely disappointing. The reason for this failure can be attributed to a number of factors including the inadequacy of the animal ischemia–reperfusion injury models used in the preclinical cardioprotection studies and the inappropriate design and execution of the clinical cardioprotection studies. This important issue was the main topic of discussion of the UCL-Hatter Cardiovascular Institute 6th International Cardioprotection Workshop, the outcome of which has been published in this article as the “Hatter Workshop Recommendations”. These have been proposed to provide guidance on the design and execution of both preclinical and clinical cardioprotection studies in order to facilitate the translation of future novel cardioprotective strategies for patient benefit

Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection and Risk of Stroke Types: A Prospective Cohort Study of 500 000 Chinese Adults

BACKGROUND: Stroke is a leading cause of mortality and permanent disability in China, with large and unexplained geographic variations in rates of different stroke types. Chronic hepatitis B virus infection is prevalent among Chinese adults and may play a role in stroke cause. // METHODS: The prospective China Kadoorie Biobank included >500 000 adults aged 30 to 79 years who were recruited from 10 (5 urban and 5 rural) geographically diverse areas of China from 2004 to 2008, with determination of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) positivity at baseline. During 11 years of follow-up, a total of 59 117 incident stroke cases occurred, including 11 318 intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), 49 971 ischemic stroke, 995 subarachnoid hemorrhage, and 3036 other/unspecified stroke. Cox regression models were used to estimate adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for risk of stroke types associated with HBsAg positivity. In a subset of 17 833 participants, liver enzymes and lipids levels were measured and compared by HBsAg status. // RESULTS: Overall, 3.0% of participants were positive for HBsAg. HBsAg positivity was associated with an increased risk of ICH (adjusted HR, 1.29 [95% CI, 1.16–1.44]), similarly for fatal (n=5982; adjusted HR, 1.36 [95% CI, 1.16–1.59]) and nonfatal (n=5336; adjusted HR, 1.23 [95% CI, 1.06–1.44]) ICH. There were no significant associations of HBsAg positivity with risks of ischemic stroke (adjusted HR, 0.97 [95% CI, 0.92–1.03]), subarachnoid hemorrhage (adjusted HR, 0.87 [95% CI, 0.57–1.33]), or other/unspecified stroke (adjusted HR, 1.12 [95% CI, 0.89–1.42]). Compared with HBsAg-negative counterparts, HBsAg-positive individuals had lower lipid and albumin levels and higher liver enzyme levels. After adjustment for liver enzymes and albumin, the association with ICH from HBsAg positivity attenuated to 1.15 (0.90–1.48), suggesting possible mediation by abnormal liver function. // CONCLUSIONS: Among Chinese adults, chronic hepatitis B virus infection is associated with an increased risk of ICH but not other stroke types, which may be mediated through liver dysfunction and altered lipid metabolism

Forward and reverse genetics of rapid-cycling Brassica oleracea

Abstract Seeds of rapid-cycling Brassica oleracea were mutagenized with the chemical mutagen, ethylmethane sulfonate. The reverse genetics technique, TILLING, was used on a sample population of 1,000 plants, to determine the mutation proWle. The spectrum and frequency of mutations induced by ethylmethane sulfonate was similar to that seen in other diploid species such as Arabidopsis thaliana. These data indicate that the mutagenesis was eVective and demonstrate that TILLING represents an eYcient reverse genetic technique in B. oleracea that will become more valuable as increasing genomic sequence data become available for this species. The extensive duplication in the B. oleracea genome is believed to result in the genetic redundancy that has been important for the evolution of morphological diversity seen in today's B. oleracea crops (broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cauliXower, cabbage, kale and kohlrabi). However, our forward genetic screens identiWed 120 mutants in which some aspect of development was aVected. Some of these lines have been characterized genetically and in the majority of these, the mutant trait segregates as a recessive allele aVecting a single locus. One dominant mutation (curly leaves) and one semi-dominant mutation (dwarf-like) were also identiWed. Allelism tests of two groups of mutants (glossy and dwarf) revealed that for some loci, multiple independent alleles have been identiWed. These data indicate that, despite genetic redundancy, mutation of many individual loci in B. oleracea results in distinct phenotypes