What drives the international transfer of climate change mitigation technologies?: empirical evidence from patent data

Using patent data from 66 countries for the period 1990–2003, we characterize the factors which promote or hinder the international diffusion of climate-friendly technologies on a global scale. Regression results show that technology-specific capabilities of the recipient countries are determinant factors. In contrast, the general level of education is less important. We also show that restrictions to international trade—e.g., high tariff rates—and lax intellectual property regimes negatively influence the international diffusion of patented knowledge. A counter-intuitive result is that barriers to foreign direct investments can promote transfers. We discuss different possible interpretations

Invention and transfer of climate change mitigation technologies on a global scale: a study drawing on patent data

This paper uses the EPO/OECD World Patent Statistical Database (PATSTAT) to provide a quantitative description of the geographic distribution of inventions in thirteen climate mitigation technologies since 1978 and their international diffusion on a global scale. Statistics suggest that innovation has mostly been driven by energy prices until 1990. Since then, environmental policies, and climate policies more recently, have accelerated the pace of innovation. Innovation is highly concentrated in three countries—Japan, Germany and the USA—which account for 60% of total innovations. Surprisingly, the innovation performance of emerging economies is far from being negligible as China and South Korea together represent about 15% of total inventions. However, they export much less inventions than industrialized countries, suggesting their inventions have less value. More generally, international transfers mostly occur between developed countries (73% of exported inventions). Exports from developed countries to emerging economies are still limited (22%) but are growing rapidly, especially to China

Licensing a standard: fixed fee versus royalty

This paper explores how an inventor should license an innovation that opens new markets for the licensees. Using a model incorporating product differentiation and network externalities we show that fixed fee licenses are optimal either when there is little competition downstream or when it is desirable to restrict entry. By opposition, royalty based licensesallo wsfor more downstream firms (thanks to higher prices) and lead to a revenue which is less sensitive to more product homogeneity. They are optimal when downstream entry is desirable, which occurs either because there are positive network externalities, or for some intermediate values of product differentiation

Invention and transfer of climate change-mitigation technologies: a global analysis

This article uses the European Patent Office Worldwide Patent Statistical Database to examine the geographic distribution and global diffusion of inventions in thirteen climate-mitigation technologies since 1978. The data suggest that until 1990 innovation was driven mostly by energy prices. Since then, environmental policies, and, more recently, climate policies, have accelerated the pace of innovation. The data also indicate that innovation is highly concentrated in three countries-Japan, Germany, and the United States-which together account for 60 percent of total inventions. Surprisingly, the contribution of emerging economies is far from negligible as China and Brazil together account for about 10 percent of total inventions. However, inventions from emerging economies are less likely to find markets beyond their borders, suggesting that inventions from emerging economies have less value. More generally, international transfers occur mostly between developed countries (73 percent of all exported inventions). Exports from developed countries to emerging economies are still limited (22 percent) but are growing rapidly, especially to China

De la connaissance du bon usage de la contraception (apport de l'étude nationale Epilule 2003 auprès de 2802 patientes en médecine générale)

CONTEXTE. On dénombre 200 000 avortements par an en France et 23 % des Interruptions Volontaires de Grossesse surviennent chez des femmes utilisant une contraception orale. Les échecs de contraception peuvent être dus à une mauvaise utilisation par manque de connaissance. METHODES. Les 208 médecins du réseau ont interrogé 2802 patientes de 16 à 49 ans supposées représentatives de la population consultant en médecine générale. Les investigateurs ont répondu à un questionnaire sur leur pratique. RESULTATS. Trois femmes sur quatre s'estiment bien informées sur la contraception. Plus de la moitié des utilisatrices de contraception orale ont oublié une ou plusieurs pilules durant les 6 derniers mois, le risque d'oubli est 2 fois plus élevé chez les patientes dont la dernière prescription n'émane pas du médecin traitant ni du gynécologue traitant. Seules 43% des utilisatrices de pilules combinées savent que le retard maximum de prise de pilule est de 12 heures, 79% savent qu'il faut alors utiliser des préservatifs jusqu'à la fin de la plaquette et 74% savent que ces consignes figurent sur la notice. Deux tiers des femmes se déclarent mal informées sur la contraception orale d'urgence, 8,5 % savent que la "pilule du lendemain" peut être prise jusqu'à 72 heures et 61% savent qu'elle est disponible sans ordonnance. Un quart des utilisatrices de stérilet ne savent pas qu'un retard de règles doit faire réaliser un test de grossesse. Les médecins sont la première source d'information sur la contraception. CONCLUSION. Les lacunes des patientes doivent stimuler les médecins à diffuser une information systématique et en cas de défaut d'observance, à proposer un changement de méthode.NANCY1-SCD Medecine (545472101) / SudocPARIS-BIUM (751062103) / SudocSudocFranceF

Decentralized licensing of complementary patents: Comparing the royalty, fixed-fee and two-part tariff regimes

This paper explores the decentralized licensing of complementary patents reading on a technology standard. We develop a model in which manufacturers must buy licenses from different patent owners in order to enter the market for differentiated standard-compliant products. We consider three different types of licensing, namely, the fixed-fee, per-unit royalty and two-part tariff regimes, and compare their performances in terms of licensing revenue, price, product variety and welfare. We show that each regime entails different types of coordination failures. We establish that each of them may maximize the licensing revenue depending on the number of licensors, number of potential entrants and product differentiation.Standard Licence Patent Royalty License Complementary innovations

The Clean Development Mechanism and the International Diffusion of Technologies: An Empirical Study

The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is expected to stimulate the North-South transfer of climate-friendly technologies. This paper provides an assessment of the technology transfers that take place through the CDM using a unique data set of 644 registered projects. It provides a detailed description of the transfers (frequency, type, by sector, by host country, etc.). It also includes an econometric analysis of their drivers. We show that transfer likeliness increases with the size of the projects. The transfer probability is 50% higher in projects implemented in a subsidiary of Annex 1 companies while the presence of an official credit buyer has a lower – albeit positive – impact. The analysis also yields interesting results on how technological capabilities of the host country influence technology diffusion in the CDM