The Impact and Evolution of Individual’s Learning: An Empirical Study in Open Innovation Community

Learning is critical for individuals to increase their performance. However, this benefit of learning is not always realized. Previous studies have distinguished different classifications of learning approaches and reached inconsistent results. Therefore, this study further refines the classification of learning approaches in an open innovation community and explore the individual’s learning curve from a dynamic perspective. Specifically, we focus on whether and under what conditions learning can increase individual’s performance, and how individual\u27s learning curve changes over the tenure. To examine our hypotheses, we collect a dataset includes 48,820 game mods developed by 6,141 creators spanning 7-years from an open game innovation community. The results not only show the significant curve relationship between the four learning approaches and performance, but also demonstrate individual’s learning curve evolves over the tenure. This paper provides valuable suggestions and implications for individuals to choose appropriate learning approaches and obtain better performance under different tenures

Switch-based Hybrid Beamforming Transceiver Design for Wideband Communications with Beam Squint

Hybrid beamforming (HBF) transceiver architectures based on frequency-independent phase shifters (PS-HBF) are sensitive to the phases and physical directions with limited capability to compensate for the detrimental effects of the beam squint. Motivated by the fact that switches are phase-independent and more power/cost efficient than PSs, we consider the switch-based HBF (SW-HBF) for wideband large-scale multiple-input multiple-output systems in this paper. We first derive a closed-form expression of the beam squint ratio and compare the expected array gains of both SW-HBF and PS-HBF architectures. The results show that SW-HBF is more robust to the beam squint effect. We then focus on the SW-HBF designs to maximize the spectral efficiency (SE) in both single-user and multiuser systems, which are both non-convex mixed-integer problems. For the former, by combining the tabu search (TS) method and projected gradient ascend (PGA), we propose an efficient heuristic PGA-TS algorithm to design analog beamformers while the digital ones admit closed-form solutions. For the latter, we develop a two-step algorithm based on fractional programming and the PGA-TS method. Simulations show that the proposed SW-HBF schemes are efficient and can outperform PS-based HBF architectures in terms of both SE and energy efficiency in terahertz communication systems.Comment: 15 pages, 15 figure

Facial Emotion Recognition in Sleep Deprivation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Objectives: Sleep deprivation (SD) has detrimental effects on cognition. Emotional processing, a critical component of social cognition, is also affected by SD. However, current research on how SD affects emotion recognition and the specific emotion recognition that declines with SD is inconsistent. The present study meta-analyzed results of studies examining emotion category recognition changes in SD compared with controls. Methods: PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, PsychINFO, MEDLINE, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure databases were searched. Studies on the impact of acute SD or insomnia on emotional recognition and participants aged 18 years or older were included in this review. The JBI Critical Appraisal Checklist and GRADE approach were used to assess the quality of the studies and evidence. Results: Twelve studies with 414 SD and 399 control participants were included in this meta-analysis. The SD group performed poorer on facial sadness (MD = –4.35; 95% CI, –7.99 to –0.71) and happiness (MD = –1.75; 95% CI, –3.25 to –0.26) recognition than the control group (normal sleep condition). The reaction time of the SD group was significantly longer than that of the control group for all emotional categories. The intensity rating of facial emotions showed no difference between the two groups. Conclusions: Sleep deprivation slows individuals’ reactions in facial emotion recognition tasks and weakens their ability to recognize sadness and happiness. Future studies should identify the effects of SD, SD duration, and recovery time on different types of emotion recognition

Rapid and Simple Detection of Viable Foodborne Pathogen Staphylococcus aureus

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) contamination in food safety has become a worldwide health problem. In this work, we utilized RNA one-step detection of denaturation bubble-mediated Strand Exchange Amplification (SEA) method to realize the detection of viable foodborne pathogen S. aureus. A pair of S. aureus specific primers were designed for the SEA reaction by targeting hypervariable V2 region of 16S rDNA and the amplification reaction was finished about 1 h. The results of amplification reaction could be observed by the naked eyes with a significant color change from light yellow to red to realize the colorimetric detection of S. aureus. Therefore, there only required an isothermal water bath, which was very popular for areas with limited resources. In real sample testing, although the SEA detection was so time-saving compared with the traditional plating method, the SEA method showed great consistency with the traditional plating method. In view of the above-described advantages, we provided a simple, rapid and equipment-free detection method, which had a great potential on ponit-of-care testing (POCT) application. Our method reported here will also provide a POCT detection platform for other food-borne pathogens in food, even pathogenic bacteria from other fields

Global Protected Areas as refuges for amphibians and reptiles under climate change

Protected Areas (PAs) are the cornerstone of biodiversity conservation. Here, we collated distributional data for >14,000 (~70% of) species of amphibians and reptiles (herpetofauna) to perform a global assessment of the conservation effectiveness of PAs using species distribution models. Our analyses reveal that >91% of herpetofauna species are currently distributed in PAs, and that this proportion will remain unaltered under future climate change. Indeed, loss of species’ distributional ranges will be lower inside PAs than outside them. Therefore, the proportion of effectively protected species is predicted to increase. However, over 7.8% of species currently occur outside PAs, and large spatial conservation gaps remain, mainly across tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests, and across non-high-income countries. We also predict that more than 300 amphibian and 500 reptile species may go extinct under climate change over the course of the ongoing century. Our study highlights the importance of PAs in providing herpetofauna with refuge from climate change, and suggests ways to optimize PAs to better conserve biodiversity worldwide