9 research outputs found
The ERP Results for Weakly Masked Condition.
<p>(A) The averaged ERP under different emotional contexts; (B) P2 amplitude under different emotional contexts; (C) P3 amplitude under different emotional contexts; (D) The difference waves (no-go condition minus go condition) of P3 amplitude under different emotional contexts.</p
Subjective Ratings of Stimuli and Behavioural Results for Go/No-Go Stimuli.
<p>RT, reaction time.</p><p>Subjective Ratings of Stimuli and Behavioural Results for Go/No-Go Stimuli.</p
The Divergent Effects of Fear and Disgust on Inhibitory Control: An ERP Study
<div><p>Negative emotional stimuli have been shown to attract attention and impair executive control. However, two different types of unpleasant stimuli, fearful and disgusting, are often inappropriately treated as a single category in the literature on inhibitory control. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the divergent effects of fearful and disgusting distracters on inhibitory control (both conscious and unconscious inhibition). Specifically, participants were engaged in a masked Go/No-Go task superimposed on fearful, disgusting, or neutral emotional contexts, while event-related potentials were measured concurrently. The results showed that for both conscious and unconscious conditions, disgusting stimuli elicited a larger P2 than fearful ones, and the difference waves of P3 amplitude under disgusting contexts were smaller than that under fearful contexts. These results suggest that disgusting distracters consume more attentional resources and therefore impair subsequent inhibitory control to a greater extent. This study is the first to provide electrophysiological evidence that fear and disgust differently affect inhibitory control. These results expand our understanding of the relationship between emotions and inhibitory control.</p></div
Procedure and design of Experiments.
<p>Participants were engaged in a masked Go/No-Go task superimposed on fearful, disgusting, or neutral emotional contexts.</p
Influence of Supraliminal Reward Information on Unconsciously Triggered Response Inhibition
<div><p>Although executive functions (e.g., response inhibition) are often thought to interact consciously with reward, recent studies have demonstrated that they can also be triggered by unconscious stimuli. Further research has suggested a close relationship between consciously and unconsciously triggered response inhibition. To date, however, the effect of reward on unconsciously triggered response inhibition has not been explored. To address this issue, participants in this study performed runs of a modified Go/No-Go task during which they were exposed to both high and low value monetary rewards presented both supraliminally and subliminally. Participants were informed that they would earn the reward displayed if they responded correctly to each trial of the run. According to the results, when rewards were presented supraliminally, a greater unconsciously triggered response inhibition was observed for high-value rewards than for low-value rewards. In contrast, when rewards were presented subliminally, no enhanced unconsciously triggered response inhibition was observed. Results revealed that supraliminal and subliminal rewards have distinct effects on unconsciously triggered response inhibition. These findings have important implications for extending our understanding of the relationship between reward and response inhibition.</p></div
Experimental design.
<p>Participants were informed that, if they responded correctly to each of the 32 trials in a Go/No-Go task (B), they would receive the reward that was displayed at the beginning of the run (A). Participants were instructed that cumulative earnings would appear at the end of each run (C). Each run included 16 weakly masked trials and 16 strongly masked trials.</p
RT slowing as a function of reward value and reward presentation duration.
<p>High rewards and low rewards have no significant difference in effect on RT slowing when presented subliminally (left panel). High rewards elicited larger amount of RT slowing than low rewards when presented supraliminally (right panel). Error bars represent standard errors of the mean.</p
The percentage of correct runs as a function of reward value and reward presentation duration.
<p>High rewards and low rewards have no significant difference in effect on percentage of correct run when presented subliminally (left panel). High rewards elicited higher percentage of correct runs than low rewards when presented supraliminally (right panel). Error bars represent standard errors of the mean.</p
Complete mitochondrial genomes reveal the phylogenetic relationships of Duoma with eight representative sheep breeds and two ovis species
The Ovis aries Duoma breed is one of the most important alpine grassland-type sheep breeds in China. In this current study, we first reported the complete mitochondrial genome of Duoma sheep. Mitochondrial genome is 16,618 bp in length and exhibits the same typical structure as the other published sheep breeds. The genome contains 37 genes (22 tRNA, two rRNA, and 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs)) and a control region (D-loop region). Phylogenetic analysis shows that the Duoma sheep breed is closer to Ganjia sheep. Our findings will help the further evolution and conservation studies of Duoma sheep.</p