Immobilised cytochrome <i>c</i> on the carbon dots functionalised MWCNTs and its application to hydrogen peroxide detection

<p>We have prepared the carbon dots (C-dots) by sucrose carbonisation in the presence of sulphuric acid and characterised by transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectra, fluorescence spectroscopy and UV–vis absorption spectra. The resultant C-dots could be used for the activation of CNTs. Cytochrome <i>c</i> immobilised on the functionalised multi-walled carbon nanotube-modified glass carbon electrode was found to promote electron transfer that was investigated by electrochemical methods. The obtained electrode can also be used as a biocatalyser to catalyse the reduction of H₂O₂. Under optimal conditions, the constructed H₂O₂ sensor showed two linear segments and the detection limits were 1.02 and 2.59 µM (<i>S</i>/<i>N</i> = 3). The modified electrode displayed high stability, good reproducibility and excellent selectivity.</p

Integrative Inducer Intervention and Transcriptomic Analyses Reveal the Metabolism of Paralytic Shellfish Toxins in <i>Azumapecten farreri</i>

Paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) are widely distributed neurotoxins, and the PST metabolic detoxification mechanism in bivalves has received increasing attention. To reveal the effect of phase I (cytochrome P450)-II (GST)-III (ABC transport) metabolic systems on the PST metabolism in Azumapecten farreri, this study amplified stress on the target systems using rifampicin, dl-α-tocopherol, and colchicine; measured PST levels; and conducted transcriptomic analyses. The highest toxin content reached 1623.48 μg STX eq/kg in the hepatopancreas and only 8.8% of that in the gills. Inducer intervention significantly decreased hepatopancreatic PST accumulation. The proportional reductions in the rifampicin-, dl-α-tocopherol-, and colchicine-induced groups were 55.3%, 50.4%, and 36.1%, respectively. Transcriptome analysis showed that 11 modules were significantly correlated with PST metabolism (six positive/five negative), with phase I CYP450 and phase II glutathione metabolism significantly enriched in negatively correlated pathways. Twenty-three phase I–II–III core genes were further validated using qRT-PCR and correlated with PST metabolism, revealing that CYP46A1, CYP4F6, GSTM1, and ABCF2 were significantly correlated, while CYP4F11 and ABCB1 were indirectly correlated. In conclusion, phase I–II–III detoxification enzyme systems jointly participate in the metabolic detoxification of PSTs in A. farreri. This study provides key data support to profoundly elucidate the PST metabolic detoxification mechanism in bivalves

Additional file 4 of Screening lifespan-extending drugs in Caenorhabditis elegans via label propagation on drug-protein networks

The aging-related genes of C. elegans extracted from GenAge database, together with the corresponding transcripts of each aging-related genes. (XLSX 99 kb

Engineering a Heterophase Interface by Tailoring the Pt Coverage Density on an Amorphous Ru Surface for Ultrasensitive H₂S Detection

Amorphous/crystalline heterophase engineering is emerging as an attractive strategy to adjust the properties and functions of nanomaterials. Here, we reveal a heterophase interface role by precisely tailoring the crystalline Pt coverage density on an amorphous Ru surface (cPt/aRu) for ultrasensitive H2S detection. We found that when the atomic ratio of Pt/Ru increased from 10 to 50%, the loading modes of Pt changed from island coverage (1cPt/aRu) to cross-linkable coverage (3cPt/aRu) and further to dense coverage (5cPt/aRu). The differences in coverage models further regulate the chemical adsorption of H2S on Pt and the electronic transformation process on Ru, which can be proved by ex situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy experiments. Notably, a special cross-linkable coverage 3cPt/aRu on ZnO shows the best gas-sensitive performance, in which the operating temperature reduces from 240 to 160 °C compared with pristine ZnO and the selectivity coefficient for H2S gas improves from ∼1.2 to ∼4.6. This is mainly benefit from the maximized exposure of the amorphous/crystalline heterophase interface. Our work thus provides a new platform for future applications of amorphous/crystalline heterogeneous nanostructures in gas sensors and catalysis

Scanning electron micrographs of the conidia germination and infection of <i>C</i>. <i>pseudoreteaudii</i> on <i>Eucalyptus</i> leaf.

<p>a-b, conidia germinated from both ends or septum at 6 hpi; c-d, each germ tube could produce multiple branches at 8 hpi; e-h, the ends of germ tubes expanded and invaded the leaves from the stoma at 12 hpi.</p

Summary of mapping results.

<p>Summary of mapping results.</p

Differentially expressed genes (DEG) of <i>C</i>. <i>pseudoreteaudii</i>.

<p>A, venn diagram showed common DEGs at three infection stages. B, number of DEGs at different colonization stages of <i>C</i>. <i>pseudoreteaudii</i>.</p

Mode of hypha action of <i>C</i>. <i>pseudoreteaudii</i> on host cell.

<p>The fungal plasma membrane is shown in black, the fungal cytoplasm is shown in pink, the plant plasma membrane is shown in light green, and the plant cell wall is shown in dark green. The interface between the fungal hypha and the plant plasma membrane is shown as a light blue area. Fungal effectors and targeted plant substrate are shown in various colors. CWDE, cell wall degrading enzyme; PDE, phytoalexin degrading enzyme; ROS, reactive oxygen species; POD, peroxidase; MFS, major facilitator superfamily; SIT, siderophore iron transporter; SAH, salicylate hydroxylase; SA, salicylic acid.</p

The 20 most enriched GO terms.

<p>Bar chart of DEGs enriched in GO term; it can directly reflect the number of DEGs distributing into different GO terms. CC, cellular component; MF, molecular function; BP, biological process.</p

List of the 20 most up-regulated genes of <i>C</i>. <i>pseudoreteaudii</i> during infection.

<p>List of the 20 most up-regulated genes of <i>C</i>. <i>pseudoreteaudii</i> during infection.</p