Nitrogen and Phosphorus Co-Doped Carbon Nanodots as a Novel Fluorescent Probe for Highly Sensitive Detection of Fe³⁺ in Human Serum and Living Cells

Chemical doping with heteroatoms can effectively modulate physicochemical and photochemical properties of carbon dots (CDs). However, the development of multi heteroatoms codoped carbon nanodots is still in its early stage. In this work, a facile hydrothermal synthesis strategy was applied to synthesize multi heteroatoms (nitrogen and phosphorus) codoped carbon nanodots (N,P-CDs) using glucose as carbon source, and ammonia, phosphoric acid as dopant, respectively. Compared with CDs, the multi heteroatoms doped CDs resulted in dramatic improvement in the electronic characteristics and surface chemical activities. Therefore, the N,P-CDs prepared as described above exhibited a strong blue emission and a sensitive response to Fe³⁺. The N,P-CDs based fluorescent sensor was then applied to sensitively determine Fe³⁺ with a detection limit of 1.8 nM. Notably, the prepared N,P-CDs possessed negligible cytotoxicity, excellent biocompatibility, and high photostability. It was also applied for label-free detection of Fe³⁺ in complex biological samples and the fluorescence imaging of intracellular Fe³⁺, which indicated its potential applications in clinical diagnosis and other biologically related study