A Framework of MRI Fat Suppressed Imaging Fusion System for Femur Abnormality Analysis

AbstractShort T1 Inversion Recovery (STIR) is a fat suppressed technique commonly used in Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) to suppress fat signals from tissues. The technique is to improve visual inspection during diagnosis. Suspected fluids will appear bright in STIR to identify the abnormality. Due to hardware limitation, tissue contrast and signal-to-noise ratio are reduced. We propose a framework of image fusion system which mimics the MRI machine to produce a fused ‘STIR’ image. The resultant fused ‘STIR’ image has high similarity index (0.989971), small mean square error (0.1092), high peak signal-to-noise ratio (106.9173) and good Pearson correlation coefficient (0.696)

Classification type of asynchrony breathing image using 2-dimensional convolutional neural network

Asynchrony breathing (AB) refers to a situation where the patient's breathing does not align with the mechanical ventilator (MV), which can have a detrimental effect on the patient's recovery. A few types of AB make it difficult for clinicians to identify and manage MV properly. Hence, there is a need to develop a method that can classify the type of AB in MV patients. In this study, a 2-dimensional (2D) convolutional neural network (CNN) method is presented to classify the type of AB based on the input image of the airway pressure. A total of 866 images of airway pressure were analysed in this study, and 4 types of AB were classified: 1) double triggering (DT); 2) reverse triggering (RT); 3) delayed triggering (DC); and 4) premature cycling (PC). Two types of activation functions for classification purposes, SoftMax and Sigmoid, were compared based on performances. Results show SoftMax produced a higher accuracy of 98.5% with a training dataset of 70% and a testing dataset of 30% of the data. In contrast, the Sigmoid function produced an accuracy of 98.1% when trained and tested with the same dataset. Furthermore, this 2D-CNN model produced a range of accuracy between 89% and 96% in classifying the type of AB, with the highest accuracy of 96% in classifying DT. Overall, the developed CNN model, based on the input image of airway pressure, accurately extracts critical and unique features to precisely classify various types of AB, which could help clinicians in managing MV patients

Assessing the asynchrony event based on the ventilation mode for mechanically ventilated patients in ICU

Respiratory system modelling can assist clinicians in making clinical decisions during mechanical ventilation (MV) management in intensive care. However, there are some cases where the MV patients produce asynchronous breathing (asynchrony events) due to the spontaneous breathing (SB) effort even though they are fully sedated. Currently, most of the developed models are only suitable for fully sedated patients, which means they cannot be implemented for patients who produce asynchrony in their breathing. This leads to an incorrect measurement of the actual underlying mechanics in these patients. As a result, there is a need to develop a model that can detect asynchrony in real-time and at the bedside throughout the ventilated days. This paper demonstrates the asynchronous event detection of MV patients in the ICU of a hospital by applying a developed extended time-varying elastance model. Data from 10 mechanically ventilated respiratory failure patients admitted at the International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM) Hospital were collected. The results showed that the model-based technique precisely detected asynchrony events (AEs) throughout the ventilation days. The patients showed an increase in AEs during the ventilation period within the same ventilation mode. SIMV mode produced much higher asynchrony compared to SPONT mode (p < 0.05). The link between AEs and the lung elastance ([Formula: see text] was also investigated. It was found that when the AEs increased, the [Formula: see text] decreased and vice versa based on the results obtained in this research. The information of AEs and [Formula: see text] provides the true underlying lung mechanics of the MV patients. Hence, this model-based method is capable of detecting the AEs in fully sedated MV patients and providing information that can potentially guide clinicians in selecting the optimal ventilation mode of MV, allowing for precise monitoring of respiratory mechanics in MV patients