Watseka Pavilion

Students will design an open-air pavilion for the city park in Watseka.  The design will include architectural and structural design.  Substantial completion of design documents is required

An Analysis on the Efficiency of Philippine Microfinance Institutions: A Stochastic Frontier Approach

Microfinance institutions (MFIs) were created to provide loans and financial services for the poor as commercial banks have requirements that are not accessible to them. The Philippines government soon started using MFIs as a poverty alleviation tool to answer the market failure created by the commercial banking industry since it cannot accommodate the needs of low-income earners due to the high costs attached to it. However, recent studies have shown that MFIs are “mission drifting,” which means that they are deviating from their original social purpose and becoming more financially driven. As a result, this paper estimates the financial and social efficiency of Philippine MFIs using a two-step Stochastic Frontier Approach from 2005 to 2018

An analysis on the efficiency of Philippine microfinance institutions: A stochastic frontier approach

The creation of Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) is the government’s response to the market failure formed by commercial banks since the latter cannot accommodate the needs of low-income earners due to the high costs attached to it. However, numerous studies have claimed the existence of mission drifting, where MFIs are becoming more profit-oriented rather than focusing on social objectives. As a result, this paper estimates the financial and social efficiency of MFIs using a two-step Stochastic Frontier Approach from 2005 to 2018. Findings have shown that MFIs are primarily financially efficient yet socially inefficient. Also, the study determined a tradeoff between financial and social efficiency. MFIs focusing on financial efficiency face a much more significant social efficiency loss than those favoring the latter. Finally, NGO MFIs prioritize social efficiency, while non-NGO MFIs push for financial efficiency. Therefore, mission drifting exists in the Philippine MFI industry, where the financial efficiency of individual MFIs grows but at the expense of their social efficiency. MFIs are becoming profit-oriented pseudo-banks instead of fulfilling their social mission of helping the poor. They are becoming more financially motivated rather than promoting public welfare. However, not all hope is gone, as NGO MFIs have effectively prioritized social efficiency. Thus, policymakers should support the growth of the MFI industry, focusing on finding the balance between financial and social efficiency with the performance of MFI NGOs as the benchmark

Coronal Heating as Determined by the Solar Flare Frequency Distribution Obtained by Aggregating Case Studies

Flare frequency distributions represent a key approach to addressing one of the largest problems in solar and stellar physics: determining the mechanism that counter-intuitively heats coronae to temperatures that are orders of magnitude hotter than the corresponding photospheres. It is widely accepted that the magnetic field is responsible for the heating, but there are two competing mechanisms that could explain it: nanoflares or Alfv\'en waves. To date, neither can be directly observed. Nanoflares are, by definition, extremely small, but their aggregate energy release could represent a substantial heating mechanism, presuming they are sufficiently abundant. One way to test this presumption is via the flare frequency distribution, which describes how often flares of various energies occur. If the slope of the power law fitting the flare frequency distribution is above a critical threshold, $\alpha=2$ as established in prior literature, then there should be a sufficient abundance of nanoflares to explain coronal heating. We performed $>$600 case studies of solar flares, made possible by an unprecedented number of data analysts via three semesters of an undergraduate physics laboratory course. This allowed us to include two crucial, but nontrivial, analysis methods: pre-flare baseline subtraction and computation of the flare energy, which requires determining flare start and stop times. We aggregated the results of these analyses into a statistical study to determine that $\alpha = 1.63 \pm 0.03$. This is below the critical threshold, suggesting that Alfv\'en waves are an important driver of coronal heating.Comment: 1,002 authors, 14 pages, 4 figures, 3 tables, published by The Astrophysical Journal on 2023-05-09, volume 948, page 7