DISSOLUTION ENHANCEMENT OF POORLY WATER-SOLUBLE DRUG BY CYCLODEXTRINS INCLUSION COMPLEXATION

Objective: Solubility of a drug is an important property that mainly influences the extent of oral bioavailability. Enhancement of oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs is the most challenging aspects of drug development. It is very important to find appropriate formulation approaches to improve the aqueous solubility and bioavailability of poorly aqueous soluble drugs. Ezetimibe is a new lipid lowering agent in the management of hypercholesterolemia. The drug is water-insoluble, lipophilic, and highly permeable according to the pharmaceutical classification system. Therefore, the bioavailability of ezetimibe may be improved by increasing its solubility. Methods: In present work solubility of ezetimibe was increased with inclusion complexes by a different technique like physical mixture, co-grinding and modified kneading method. The physical properties of the prepared inclusion complex of ezetimibe were characterised by Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR) and in vitro dissolution studies. Results: From the dissolution studies of ezetimibe with HP-β-cyclodextrin(1:1 and 1:2), we conclude that the prepared complexes of ezetimibe with HP-β-cyclodextrin (1:2) by modified kneading method showed higher release i.e. 88.35% in 60 min. than in (1:1) 76.75% in 60 min. So, ezetimibe with HP-β-cyclodextrin (1:2) inclusion complex was used to formulate tablet by direct compression method. Conclusion: From the dissolution data of formulated tablets was observed that drug release was more in tablet dosage form as compared to plain ezetimibe and especially formulation in a ratio of 1:2 was found the promising result. Also from one-month stability data shows no significant change compared to the initial result

Evaluation of Mass Drug Administration to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis in Surguja and Surajpur District, Chhattisgarh

Background: Mass Drug Administration of a single dose of DEC was launched on June 5, 2004 by the Government of India. MDA coverage increased gradually from 72.42% in 2004 to 88.96% in 2014. However, compliance has remained relatively low in most of the endemic areas as in 9 endemic Districts in State of Chhattisgarh. In Chhattisgarh State, Lymphatic Filariasis affected 14,818 people in the year 2011 and 13921 in the year 2013 with demonstrated manifestation. Objectives: To assess the coverage and compliance along with factors affecting compliance regarding MDA implementation in Surguja and Surajpur District of Chhattisgarh. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted from July-September 2021 in two district of Chhattisgarh. The division of segments and selection of the households was done based on the WHO criteria of coverage evaluation survey field guide in which from 30 villages, 450 households were covered. Result:  The overall coverage rate was 95.55% in Surguja and 89.16% in Surajpur District. The overall compliance was 89.3% with Coverage-Compliance gap of 4.12. The Effective Coverage Rate was 89.3% in 2243 eligible population of Surguja and Surajpur District. Coverage and Compliance was found more in females as compared to males but was found to be statistically not significant.  Coverage and Compliance was found more in Surguja district as compared to Surajpur district. Conclusion: Training programme for drug distributors should emphasize more on how to address the fear of side effects among beneficiaries and other reasons of low compliance for the benefit of the MDA programme

Shale Gas an Emerging Energy Resource: Prospects in India

The large production of natural gas from shale formations in the united states has encouraged the Indian petroleum industries to explore the possibilities of shale gas resource in the country. Shale gas is a natural gas produced form shale formations that typically function as both the reservoir and source rock for the gas. In terms of chemical compostion, shale gas is typically a dry gas composed primarily of methane but some formations do produce wet gas. Over the past decade, the combination of horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing has allowed access to large volumes of shale gas that were previously uneconomical to produce. India has 26 sedimentary basins occupy an area of 3.14 million sq. km contains Gondwana and Tertiary formations, in which thick shale horizons are available. Coal and lignite are the prime sources of energy in India and thus exclusively explored, but shale is ignored even though it is associated with coal and lignite bearing formations. According to different estimates and comprehensive shale gas pilot project carried out by ONGC in Damodar valley and cambay basin, has made an initial gas-in place estimate of 300 – 2100 trillion cubic feet (tcf). The estimates could increase with collection of additional reservoir information. CSIR-CIMFR has taken a lead role in evaluation of shale gas potentiality studies of sedimentary basin in India. Shale beds encountered and studies for gas-in-place, sorption and other parameters to understand the fundamentals of shale gas reservoir in virgin blocks of South Karanpura, Barmer-Sanchor basin, Raiganj, Neyveli, West Godavari and Narmada Broach, In-sity gas content is observed in the range of 0.26 to 1.75 m3/t on as received basis and 1.42 to 9.28 m3/t on dry ash free basis. Large cumulative thickness of shale beds encourages the huge potentiality of gas even low in-situ gas content. Methane concentration in desorbed gas (70 – 95%) is sufficient for easy use of shale gas after recovery from reservoir. The various relationship established between geological, geochemical, sorption capacity, TOC and rock Eval results, porosity and permeability of shale beds in studied sedimentary basin, which may be useful shale characterization and better understanding of shale gas reservoirs. The latest technologies available for shale gas exploration and well completion can be used for economic recovery of shale gas in India. Also discussed shale gas reservoir economics, technical constraints, environment issues, policies and prospects as energy resource in India

Automatic Drainage Cleaning Machine

Now a days automation plays vital role in industrial applications. Yetthe proper disoposal of sewage from industries is still a challenging task. Drainage pipes are been used for the proper disposal and unfortunately there may be loss of human life while cleaning the blockages in the drainage pipes. In order to overcome the problems and to the rivers from pollution we are implementing “Automatic Drain Cleaning Machine

Depositional palaeoenvironment and economic potential of Khadsaliya lignite deposits (Saurashtra Basin), western India: Based on petrographic, palynofacies and geochemical characteristics

The lignite and associated shale of the Khadsaliya Clays Formation (Eocene) of Saurashtra Basin, India have been studied. Organic petrographic, palynofacies and organic geochemical analyses have been carried out to deduce the depositional palaeoenvironment, including the assessment of the hydrocarbon potential of this sequence. Petrographically, the lignites constitute huminite macerals in dominance (ay. 60%). The organic facies, as derived from maceral composition and biomarker data, suggests that the peat biomass was formed from woody forest vegetation consists of angiosperms and pteridophytes. Microbial activity was also prominent over the peat biomass. The peat biomass was deposited in tropical-subtropical humid climatic conditions under deltaic control and brackish water influence. Further, there are signatures of intermittent floods in the mire, and is evident from the shift from mesotrophic to rheotrophic conditions. The organic matter has been categorized into two palynofacies and is derived from degraded terrestrial biomass. The extrapolation of Tyson's APP diagram and Pr/n-C-17 vs. Ph/n-C-18 plot suggest that deposition took place in dysoxic to sub-oxic conditions. The huminite reflectance values (0.30-0.38%, ay. 034% R-r) suggest that lignites are less mature and have reached up to lignitic stage (low rank B) of coalification. The geochemical (proximate + ultimate) analyses reveal that the lignites are characterized by high moisture content (ay. 18%) and relatively low ash yield (ay. 27%). The volatile matter yields and carbon contents are moderately high, whereas fixed carbon, sulphur and oxygen contents are average and hydrogen and nitrogen contents are relatively low. Rock-Eval pyrolysis data indicate that the hydrogen index values of the samples vary between 23 and 477 mg HC/g TOC (ay.188 mg HC/g TOC). The Tniax values of the lignites range between 377 and 433 degrees C (ay. 418 degrees C), along with the presence of beta beta hopanes suggesting the immature nature of the deposits. HI vs. T-max, S2 vs. TOC, HI vs. Ol and H/C vs. O/C plots of the studied samples indicate that the organic matters are a mix of type II/Ill kerogens. The types of kerogen along with high TOC contents (ay. 33 wt.%) indicate the ability of lignite-bearing sequence of Khadsaliya to generate mix of oil/gaseous hydrocarbons upon maturation. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Very Long-Chain C24:1 Ceramide Is Increased in Serum Extracellular Vesicles with Aging and Can Induce Senescence in Bone-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes and microvesicles, function in cell-to-cell communication through delivery of proteins, lipids and microRNAs to target cells via endocytosis and membrane fusion. These vesicles are enriched in ceramide, a sphingolipid associated with the promotion of cell senescence and apoptosis. We investigated the ceramide profile of serum exosomes from young (24–40 yrs.) and older (75–90 yrs.) women and young (6–10 yrs.) and older (25–30 yrs.) rhesus macaques to define the role of circulating ceramides in the aging process. EVs were isolated using size-exclusion chromatography. Proteomic analysis was used to validate known exosome markers from Exocarta and nanoparticle tracking analysis used to characterize particle size and concentration. Specific ceramide species were identified with lipidomic analysis. Results show a significant increase in the average amount of C24:1 ceramide in EVs from older women (15.4 pmol/sample) compared to those from younger women (3.8 pmol/sample). Results were similar in non-human primate serum samples with increased amounts of C24:1 ceramide (9.3 pmol/sample) in older monkeys compared to the younger monkeys (1.8 pmol/sample). In vitro studies showed that primary bone-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) readily endocytose serum EVs, and serum EVs loaded with C24:1 ceramide can induce BMSC senescence. Elevated ceramide levels have been associated with poor cardiovascular health and memory impairment in older adults. Our data suggest that circulating EVs carrying C24:1 ceramide may contribute directly to cell non-autonomous aging