Microglial cells are involved in the susceptibility of NADPH oxidase knockout mice to 6-hydroxy-dopamine-induced neurodegeneration

We explored the impact of Nox-2 in modulating inflammatory-mediated microglial responses in the 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced Parkinson’s disease (PD) model. Nox1 and Nox2 gene expression were found to increase in striatum, whereas a marked increase of Nox2 expression was observed in substantia nigra (SN) of wild-type (wt) mice after PD induction. Gp91phox-/- 6-OHDA-lesioned mice exhibited a significant reduction in the apomorphine-induced rotational behavior, when compared to wt mice. Immunolabeling assays indicated that striatal 6-OHDA injections reduced the number of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the SN of wt mice. In gp91phox-/- 6-OHDA-lesioned mice the DA degeneration was negligible, suggesting an involvement of Nox in 6-OHDA-mediated SN degeneration. Gp91phox-/- 6-OHDA-lesioned mice treated with minocycline, a tetracycline derivative that exerts multiple anti-inflammatory effects, including microglial inhibition, exhibited increased apomorphine-induced rotational behavior and degeneration of DA neurons after 6-OHDA injections. The same treatment also increased TNF-α release and potentiated NF-κB activation in the SN of gp91phox-/--lesioned mice. Our results demonstrate for the first time that inhibition of microglial cells increases the susceptibility of gp91phox-/- 6-OHDA lesioned mice to develop PD. Blockade of microglia leads to NF-κB activation and TNF-α release into the SN of gp91phox-/- 6-OHDA lesioned mice, a likely mechanism whereby gp91phox-/- 6-OHDA lesioned mice may be more susceptible to develop PD after microglial cell inhibition. Nox2 adds an essential level of regulation to signaling pathways underlying the inflammatory response after PD inductionFAPESPCNPqApplied Neuroscience Nucleus (NAPNA, University of São Paulo

Intracellular peptides in Parkinson\'s disease and in schizophrenia.

Nosso trabalho foi dividido em um primeiro capítulo dedicado à análise do peptidoma do estriado de camundongos no modelo da 6-OHDA e também à atividade das oligopeptidases EP 24.15 e EP 24.16; e um segundo capítulo com os dados referentes a uma colaboração resultante de estágio sanduíche no Instituto Max-Planck de Psiquiatria em Munique, Alemanha, e que se refere a estudos peptidômicos em amostras post-mortem do lobo temporal anterior e do corpo caloso de pacientes esquizofrênicos. Para desenvolver os trabalhos utilizamos a técnica de marcação isotópica e label free aplicadas ao LC-MS/MS. No caso do modelo de Parkinson, os resultados indicaram alterações significativas em 5 diferentes fragmentos peptídicos e para a esquizofrenia, 2 fragmentos mostraram-se biologicamente diferentes. Ambos os trabalhos geraram grande quantidade de dados que abrem possibilidades investigativas para novos alvos de estudos em ambas as doenças.The thesis is divided in one chapter, which was dedicated to peptidomic analysis of the striatum in the 6-OHDA mice model and also to oligopeptidase activity such as EP 24.15 and EP 24.16. The second chapter refers to data obtained during a research internship in the Max-Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany, in which we ran peptidomic analysis of post-mortem samples of the anterior temporal lobe and corpus callosum from schizophrenia patients. Both projects used mass spectrometry techniques such as isotopic labeling and label free applied to LC-MS/MS. In the Parkinsons disease model we observed significant changes in 5 different peptide fragments, and for schizophrenia samples, 2 peptide fragments were biologically different. The resulting data acquired in both projects lead to a substantial increase in prospective possibilities to new targets associated to the disorders studied here

Different approaches, one target: understanding cellular mechanisms of Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases

Neurodegenerative disorders are undoubtedly an increasing problem in the health sciences, given the increase of life expectancy and occasional vicious life style. Despite the fact that the mechanisms of such diseases are far from being completely understood, a large number of studies; that derive from both the basic science and clinical approaches have contributed substantial data in that direction. In this review, it is discussed several frontiers of basic research on Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases, in which research groups from three departments of the Institute of Biomedical Sciences of the University of Sao Paulo have been involved in a multidisciplinary effort. The main focus of the review involves the animal models that have been developed to study cellular and molecular aspects of those neurodegenerative diseases, including oxidative stress, insulin signaling and proteomic analyses, among others. We anticipate that this review will help the group determine future directions of joint research in the field and, more importantly, set the level of cooperation we plan to develop in collaboration with colleagues of the Nucleus for Applied Neuroscience Research that are mostly involved with clinical research in the same field