Upper temperature limits vs shell length for <i>L. elliptica</i>, at different warming rates.

<p>Data points shown are for individuals. At 1°C h⁻¹• = juveniles, ▪ = adults; at 1°C day⁻¹ ○ = juveniles, □ = adults; and at 1°C 3 days⁻¹▴ = juveniles, • =  adults.</p

Upper temperature limits vs shell length for <i>S. neumayeri</i>, at different warming rates.

<p>At 1°C h⁻¹• = juveniles, ▪ = adults; at 1°C day⁻¹ ○ = juveniles, □ = adults; and at 1°C 3 days⁻¹▴ = juveniles, • =  adults.</p

Size data for adult and juvenile groups used in temperature tolerance evaluations for 4 species assessed in 1°C day⁻¹ trials and 3 species in 1°C 3 days⁻¹ trials.

<p>Size data for adult and juvenile groups used in temperature tolerance evaluations for 4 species assessed in 1°C day⁻¹ trials and 3 species in 1°C 3 days⁻¹ trials.</p

Upper temperature limits vs shell length for <i>C. georgiana</i>, at different warming rates.

<p>At 1°C h⁻¹• = juveniles, ▪ = adults; at 1°C day⁻¹ ○ = juveniles, □ = adults;and at 1°C 3 days⁻¹▴ = juveniles, • =  adults.</p

GLM statistics for effects of life history stage (adult vs juvenile), rate of warming and interaction terms on the upper temperature limits in <i>L. elliptica</i>, <i>S. neumayeri</i> and <i>O. validus</i>.

<p>GLM statistics for effects of life history stage (adult vs juvenile), rate of warming and interaction terms on the upper temperature limits in <i>L. elliptica</i>, <i>S. neumayeri</i> and <i>O. validus</i>.</p

Upper temperature limits vs shell length for <i>O. validus</i>, at different warming rates.

<p>°C h⁻¹• = juveniles, ▪ = adults; at 1°C day⁻¹ ○ = juveniles, □ = adults; and at 1°C 3 days⁻¹▴ = juveniles, • =  adults.</p

Details of sampling locations and numbers of <i>M. antarctica</i> individuals collected, including 240 individuals previously sampled by Hoffman <i>et al.</i>[46].

<p>The three spatial scales investigated were as follows (i) Fine-scale (within Anchorage Island) comprising samples from Rose Garden, Anchorage North and Trolval; (ii) Medium-scale (among islands within Ryder Bay) comprising samples from Anchorage Island, Rothera Point and Leonie Island; (iii) Large scale (along the Antarctic Peninsula) comprising samples from Ryder Bay, Galindez Island, Dobrolowski Island, Snow Island and Signy Island.</p

Pairwise <i>F</i>_st values among <i>M. antarctica</i> sampled from nine different sites (above diagonal).

<p><i>P</i>-values, calculated using 10,000 permutations of the dataset, are given below the diagonal. All of the <i>F</i>_st values were significant at <i>P</i><0.05, except for that between Anchorage North and Trolval. After table-wide Bonferroni correction for multiple statistical tests, <i>F</i>_st the comparison between Rothera Point and Leonie Island also became non-significant.</p

Matrix of geographic distances among the nine <i>M. antarctica</i> sampling sites in kilometres.

<p>Matrix of geographic distances among the nine <i>M. antarctica</i> sampling sites in kilometres.</p

Primer combinations used for the AFLP selective amplification and numbers of AFLP bands generated in 414 <i>M. antarctica</i> individuals.

<p>Primer combinations used for the AFLP selective amplification and numbers of AFLP bands generated in 414 <i>M. antarctica</i> individuals.</p